Old Test Questions

Question 0

Obviously the major difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins is solubility, but there is one additional major difference between the two ie ________.

Answer 0

Water soluble is not stored, fat soluble stored in liver/fat

Question 1

Many minerals can easily form salts or other insoluble complexes, thus the absorption rate for those elements is generally very low. Exceptions? _________ and a few others.

Answer 1

Na, K, Cl

Question 2

Gastrin is the focal point of controlling the activity of the stomach and ____ and _____ are responsible for regulating the gastrin secretion.

Answer 2

Histamine, and secretin

Question 3

In the small intestine 2 sets of glands ________ and ________ are primarily responsible for the secretion of eg viscous alkaline mucus and intestinal enzymes respectively.

Answer 3

Brunners glands and crypts of lieberkuhn

Question 4

________ is fine fiber-rich polysaccharides which can be found on the surface of microvilli and it’s perhaps acting as a barrier between microvilli and digesta.

Answer 4

Glycocalyx

Question 5

It seems that the chickens lymphatic system is poorly developed thus they they would have to use other means to absorb__________.

Answer 5

Long chain fatty acids

Question 6

Having ______ is very important for young ruminants because milk can flow directly into the omasum and abomasum, which results in better utilization of milk.

Answer 6

Reticular groove

Question 7

It seems we can induce _____ in laying hens by feeding a no salt diet because a deficiency of salt can result I’m reduced or no feed intake!

Answer 7

Molting

Question 8

We mentioned that we can estimate the maintenance energy need by determining the basal metabolic rate which can be done by measuring heat production which is: ________ definition

Answer 8

Amount of energy not used as work but given off as heat.

Question 9

It is important for us to have some ideas on interactions of minerals for 2 reasons _________________.

Answer 9

Avoid undesired effects, prevent secondary deficiencies

Question 10

As we mentioned we can say a non essential amino acid without any problem but we should not say a nonessential mineral because all the minerals are essential metabolically.

Answer 10

F

Question 11

If we give some drugs based on the metabolic body weight we may end up with overdosing animals thus it would be better for us to do that based on the absolute body weight.

Answer 11

F

Question 12

Under practical conditions the amount of energy needed to balance fasting metabolism is not enough for maintenance simply because we have to consider eg heat increment when consuming feed, energy needed to consume feed and support normal activity etc.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

When we consider the process of protein synthesis we have to remember that all 20 amino acids must be available in adequate amounts simultaneously and also there would be many mistakes in the process thus increasing the energy expenditure greatly.

Answer 13

T

Question 14

As we mentioned usually an essential mineral shows a normal distribution ie the concentration of a particular mineral element would be relatively consistent in tissues and/or organs of individuals and even among various species!?

Answer 14

T

Question 15

Balance test may be a good way to estimate mineral requirements because the balance would be a reflection of a dietary concentration or intake of the mineral in question.

Answer 15

F

Question 16

Throughout the history people had to deal with many serious diseases or or disorders and we now know that some of those can be caused by deficiency of some vitamins. Examples? Pellagra by deficiency of thiamin and beriberi by deficiency of niacin.

Answer 16

F

Question 17

One of the reasons that chickens have a relatively high heart rate might be their erythrocytes, ie their white blood cells/unit of blood seem to be less than half of many mammals!

Answer 17

F

Question 18

Senses such as sight smell touch and taste seem to play some roles in seeking or finding food/feed. For instance the olfactory system seems to be important for poultry/birds simply because they cannot masticate or don’t have heated mouth.

Answer 18

F

Question 19

What are the gizzard teeth? We’ll they are uniquely associated with the fowl and contain protein polysaccharide complexes known as koilin or koilin rods.

Answer 19

T

Question 20

The entrance to ceca which are the main fermentation site is somewhat restricted and that might be one of the reasons that young pigs cannot really utilize fiber efficiently.

Answer 20

F

Question 21

Unlike pigs chickens may be able to utilize some non protein nitrogen because their ceca and colon seem to be capable of absorbing some amino acids.

Answer 21

T

Question 22

Pigs like humans have a propensity to become obese partly because they are very responsive to the action of glucagon and not really responsive to action of insulin.

Answer 22

F

Question 23

Pepsin an endopeptidase is mostly responsible for pancreatic digestion of protein and it has 2 pH optima, 2 and 3.5 and it is not really active if the pH is greater than 4.

Answer 23

F

Question 24

Our discussion was on rumen fermentation of of proteins but because of how proteins are fermented we concluded that for the host the most important end products are VFA!

Answer 24

T

Question 25

Importance of bacteria for ruminants? They are playing a very important role in rumen fermentation and also they are controlling the population of Protozoa by consuming those bugs as a source of nutrients.

Answer 25

F

Question 26

When using urea we should supplement ruminant diets with sulfur and branched chain C skeletons because those are usually the most limiting factors for microbial protein synthesis.

Answer 26

F

Question 27

Papillae in the reticulum and rumen are more like villi and microvilli of the small intestine and they are increasing the surface area for absorption of eg VFA

Answer 27

T

Question 28

Some proteins can be converted to VFA (eg valeric, isobutyric, and isovaleric acids) by microbes and those are a very important source of energy for the microbes but not for the host.

Answer 28

T

Question 29

Body fat of ruminants tends to be more saturated because microbes can saturate 70-90 % of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen, which can be incorporated into their body correctly.

Answer 29

T

Question 30

In general nitrite does not have much of adverse effects on non ruminant animals but bacteria in water can convert it to nitrate which can form methemoglobin thus reducing the oxygen carrying capacity.

Answer 30

F

Question 31

A double exchange mechanism? We’ll it refers to active absorption of Na and Cl which involves cation exchange between Cl and bicarbonate on one side and anion exchange between Na and hydrogen on the other side.

Answer 31

F

Question 32

We can say that because of it’s involvement in just about every aspect of nutrition of animals and the amount required It may not be wrong for us to say that water is perhaps the most important factor In nutrition ie from ingestion of feed to excretion of waste products.

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Uric acid is usually associated with poultry because they do not excrete the N end product as Uric acid. But the breakdown of _____ can also produce Uric acid. That’s why we have a small amount of Uric acid in our urine.

Answer 33

Purine

Question 34

In practice fattening or finishing is an integral part of growing animals for commercial meat production but strictly speaking it is not part of growth process because__________.

Answer 34

Strictly speaking referring to the increase in the structural tissues such as muscle and bones. Thus the growth would be characterized by the increase in water, protein, and minerals, and not include the fatty tissue.

Question 35

We did mention that the best way to prevent leg problems in laying hens an lactating sows would be to build up Ca and P in their bones before laying and lactation. Why? We’ll because __________.

Answer 35

They will mobilize Ca and P regardless of the intake during laying/lactation.

Question 36

Obviously insulin and glucagon are very important for energy metabolism and _____ seems to be the major factor controlling their secretion

Answer 36

Plasma glucose

Question 37

For most species esophagus is simply a passage way for feed but it does have some implications or importance in horses and chickens because?

Answer 37

Chickens have a crop which is used for storage of feed. Horses muscular diameter and some of esophagus are each that they have a difficulty in expelling gases ie vomiting and can lead to various problems.

Question 38

We did talk about brush border enzymes such as lactase, sucrase, and peptidases just briefly. One unique aspect of those intestinal enzymes compared with let’s say pancreatic enzymes is________.

Answer 38

They shed enzymes instead of secreting

Question 39

As we mentioned the primary end products of rumen fermentation are short chain volatile fatty acids or VFA (eg. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate) why?

Answer 39

Without oxygen cannot be completely oxidized to CO2 thus the formation of VFA.

Question 40

We did mention that one disadvantage associated with having the rumen would be an inefficient utilization of some carbohydrates and proteins because_________.

Answer 40

Most fermentable carbohydrates can be rapidly and completely converted to VFA which is less efficient and high quality proteins can be degraded by microbes to ammonia and C skeleton downgrading those proteins

Question 41

We mentioned that if we know the body water content we can estimate the body fat, protein, and ash contents because___________.

Answer 41

There is an inverse relationship between body water and fat and also on a fat free basis. The proportion of body water, protein, and ash would become consistent after reaching chemical maturity.

Question 42

As we mentioned it seems that a sodium deficiency can result in inefficient use of carbohydrates protein and even some vitamins such as thiamin and vitamin C why?

Answer 42

Along with K Na is involved in the active transport of mechanisms. 3 Na pumped out and 2 K can move in.

Question 43

If we eliminate all the potential factors that can influence heat production then we can obtain a minimum energy expenditure associated with maintenance of life and it is called?

Answer 43

Basal metabolism

Question 44

Under ______ condition C skeletons cannot be completely oxidized to CO2. Consequently the end products of rumen fermentation are mostly short chain fatty acids.

Answer 44

Anaerobic