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Microbiology Lab Final > Old Material Study > Flashcards

Old Material Study Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the aseptic technique?

A

The technique of heating tools to keep them free of unwanted contaminants or microbes.

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2
Q

What is a chemically-defined media?

A

A culture medium whose exact chemical composition is known.

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3
Q

What is a complex media?

A

A medium which varies in composition from batch to batch.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the streak plate technique?

A

To allow individual cells to grow into separate colonies so that they can be removed and subcultured for other experiments.

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5
Q

What is a sign of growth in broth or in agar?

A

In broth: turbidity

In agar: colonies

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6
Q

What is the formula for total magnification?

A

(ocular lens) x (objective lens)

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7
Q

What is the total magnification of oil immersion lens?

A

1000x

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8
Q

What is a smear preparation?

A

To preserve the structure of a specimen. This kills and fixes them to the slide.

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9
Q

What does heat fixation do?

A

Denatures enzymes, facilitates adherence to a slide, makes cells more permeable and preserves their structure.

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10
Q

What is a simple stain?

A

The use of only on reagent to color all cells the same color.

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11
Q

Why do you use a simple stain?

A

To allow for visualization of cell shape, size, and arrangement.

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12
Q

What is a direct, simple stain?

A

Stains the cell.

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13
Q

What is a negative simple stain?

A

Stains the background, not the cell.

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14
Q

What is a differential stain?

A

Multiple reagents are used to stain cells differently. Allows for differentiation of cells.

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15
Q

What are the reagents used for a gram stain?

A

Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin.

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16
Q

How is G+ stained in a gram stain?

A

Crystal violet: violet
Iodine: violet
Alcohol: violet
Safranin: violet

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17
Q

How is G- stained in a gram stain?

A

Crystal violet: violet
Iodine: violet
Alcohol: clear
Safranin: pink

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18
Q

What is the purpose of iodine in the gram stain?

A

To adhere the violet color to the bacteria’s cell membrane.

19
Q

In the endospore stain, what color do the endospores turn?

A

(using malachite green) Green.

20
Q

In the endospore stain, what color do the vegetative cells turn?

A

(using safranin) Pink.

21
Q

In the acid fast stain, AF+ turns what color?

A

Red/pink with each step.

22
Q

In the acid fast stain, AF- turns what color?

A

Red/pink -> blue.

23
Q

With the capsule stain, what occurs?

A

A white halo appears around the cell.

24
Q

What type of stain is a capsule stain?

A

A differential stain.

25
Q

What is a countable plate in the standard plate count technique?

A

30-300 colonies.

26
Q

How do you calculate # CFU/ml?

A

CFUs x DF = #CFU/ml

27
Q

How do you know if the transformation occurred?

A

The bacteria is glowing green (due to IPTF), and it grew in the media (+DNA).

28
Q

What is the purpose of the heat shock step of a transformation?

A

It facilitates the entry of DNA into the bacterial cells. The membrane becomes permeable.

29
Q

What was the purpose of the plate with IPTG?

A

It allows the expression of the GFP protein, which requires IPTG, to demonstrate differential gene expression.

30
Q

What are the steps of the lytic cycle?

A

1) attachment
2) entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA
3) Synthesis of viral genomes and proteins
4) assembly
5) release

31
Q

What is a plaque?

A

Visual clearings in a lawn of bacterial growth.

32
Q

What is plaque assay used for?

A

To quantify the number of viruses.

33
Q

What is a zone of inhibition?

A

The zone in which there is no visible bacterial growth around the antibiotic disk.

34
Q

What is the name of the plate used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

A

Mueller-Hinton agar

35
Q

What is the mm range for resistant bacteria?

A

less than or equal to 13 mm.

36
Q

What is the mm range for susceptible bacteria?

A

14-16mm

37
Q

What is the mm range for intermediate bacteria?

A

Greater than or equal to 17mm.

38
Q

What is a transformation?

A

When a cell takes up and expresses a new piece of DNA.

39
Q

What is the name of the species that contains mycolic acid in its cell wall?

A

Mycobacterium

40
Q

What are the two endospore-formers that we learned?

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

41
Q

Why would we need an old culture of endospore-formers for an endospore stain?

A

It ensures a stress environment, which is when endospores would likely appear.

42
Q

What is transduction?

A

The transfer of DNA from one bacteria into another bacteria via a bacteriophage.

43
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of DNA material via a pilus. Requires cell-to-cell contact.

44
Q

What do lesions on a leaf indicate?

A

TMV infection.

Microbiology Lab Final (2 decks)

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