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environment and brain student presentations > Oil, CO, Catalytic Convertors, and Particulates > Flashcards

Oil, CO, Catalytic Convertors, and Particulates Flashcards

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1
Q

Give six environmental sources of benzene, diesel, and oil. (6)

A
  • Petrochemical refineries (spills; fumes)
  • Rubber manufacturing plants
  • Paint production facilities
  • Vehicle or motor engine combustion
  • Forest fires
  • Volcano eruptions
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2
Q

Give five human dangers of exposure to benzene, diesel, and oil. (5)

A
  • Carcinogens
  • Blood disorders (aplastic anaemia, leukaemia)
  • Immune system dysfunction
  • Chronic respiratory issues (eg. chronic bronchitis, especially with diesel)
  • Fertility
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3
Q

Give the specific type of cancer which is thought to have an increased risk with exposure to:

a) benzene

b) diesel

(2)

A

Leukaemia for benzene

Lung cancer for diesel

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4
Q

Give six symptoms of acute benzene/diesel/oil exposure. (6)

A
  • Dizziness
  • Headaches
  • Nausea
  • Respiratory issues
  • Eyes/nose/throat irritation
  • Contact dermatitis
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5
Q

Give three ways that benzene/diesel/oil exposure is mitigated. (3)

A
  • Banned in cosmetics
  • Catalytic convertors to remove vehicle fumes
  • Reduced pollution from engines
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6
Q

Give six general effects that benzene/diesel/oil can have on the nervous system and brain. (6)

A
  • Chronic neuroinflammation
  • Oxidative stress
  • Immune system impairment
  • DNA damage
  • Epigenetic changes
  • Alzheimer’s disease
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7
Q

Give three specific effects that benzene has on the nervous system. (3)

A
  • AChE inhibition
  • Peripheral nerve damage
  • Cognitive/behavioural/motor changes in offspring
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8
Q

Give two specific mechanisms by which diesel is able to affect the brain. (2)

A
  • Crosses olfactory epithelium
  • Inflammation from lungs reaches brain
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9
Q

Give four specific ways in which oil can affect the brain. (4)

A
  • Cross BBB
  • AChE inhibition
  • Learning/memory problems
  • Impaired NT regulation
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10
Q

Give ten potential treatments for benzene/diesel/oil exposure. (10)

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Vitamins
  • Corticosteroids
  • Androgens
  • Colony stimulating factors
  • Blood component therapy
  • Antioxidants
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Taurine
  • Coenzyme Q
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11
Q

Give six environmental sources of carbon monoxide. (6)

A
  • Incomplete combustion of natural gas
  • Incomplete combustion of organic materials
  • Setting fires in enclosed spaces
  • Faulty appliances (boilers; space heaters)
  • Industrial processes
  • Volcanoes; forest fires; lightening strikes
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12
Q

Give nine signs/symptoms of CO exposure. (9)

A
  • Headache
  • Flushing
  • Vertigo/dizziness
  • Muscle pain
  • Personality changes
  • Hypotension
  • Weakness
  • Confusion
  • LOC/coma/death
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13
Q

Give four dangers to humans of CO exposure, involving the nervous system. (4)

A
  • Memory problems
  • Vision loss
  • Dementia
  • Cognitive dysfunction
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14
Q

Give five groups of people who are at increased risk from exposure to carbon monoxide. (5)

A
  • Pregnant women
  • Children
  • Elderly
  • Anaemic
  • CV or resp. illness
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15
Q

Give seven potential neurobiological mechanisms by which carbon monoxide can affect the brain. (7)

A
  • Binds to haemoglobin (reduced oxygen to body tissues)
  • Relaxes smooth muscle at low concs by decreasing calcium in muscle
  • Inhibits ETC
  • Activates leukocytes
  • Lipid peroxidation
  • White matter changes (demyelination)
  • Neurotoxicity and decreased brain activity/function
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16
Q

Give two treatments for CO exposure. (2)

A
  • Oxygen treatment
  • Hyperbaric oxygen chamber
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17
Q

Give four longer-term complications of CO poisoning. (4)

A
  • Coma
  • Seizure
  • Stroke
  • Cardiomyopathy (CO induces catecholamine surge)
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18
Q

Give a regulation which aims to mitigate CO exposure and poisoning. (1)

A

CO alarm regulations

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19
Q

Describe how humans can mitigate CO exposure on an individual basis. (1)

A

Ventilation and correct use of appliances using combustion around the home

20
Q

Give three factors which may account for the increased mortality due to CO poisoning. (3)

A
  • Long cold winters
  • Poorly ventilated indoor spaces
  • Faulty heating systems
21
Q

What is the general role of catalytic convertors? (1)

A

Convert toxic gases coming out of motor engines

22
Q

Give three metals which are typically used in catalytic convertors. (1)

Give a name that can be used to group all of these metals. (1)

A
  • Platinum
  • Palladium
  • Rhodium

These can be grouped as platinum-group metals.

23
Q

Give three emissions that catalytic convertors aim to reduce. (3)

Give an emission that catalytic convertors may give out as a result of reducing toxic emissions. (1)

A

REDUCE:
- CO
- NO
- Hydrocarbons

GIVE OUT:
- CO2

24
Q

Fill in the gaps relating to catalytic convertors and the environment. (4)

Platinum group metals from catalytic convertors may be deposited in ………………, ………………, and ……………… in the form of …………………

A

soil

water

air

nanoparticles

25
Q

Give three ‘conditions’ that can increase pollution of platinum-group metals from catalytic convertors. (3)

A
  • Engine temperature gets too high
  • Conditions are unsuitable
  • Increased traffic load
26
Q

Give eight dangers to humans of catalytic convertors and platinum-group metals, not related to the nervous system. (8)

A
  • Alveolar/epithelial damage to lungs
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • COPD
  • CV disease
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Asthma/allergy
  • Cancer
  • Autoimmune disease
27
Q

Give three specific neurobiological effects/mechanisms which can occur as a result of palladium exposure from catalytic convertors. (3)

A
  • Reduction in cell growth
  • Palladium nanoparticles induce apoptosis
  • Palladium triggers coagulation
28
Q

Fill in the gaps relating to nanoparticles from catalytic convertors. (3)

Nanoparticles can be mobilised in the …………….. and ………………
They may undergo ……………………… after emission.

A

body

air

transformation

29
Q

Give a specific effect of rhodium emissions from catalytic convertors on the body. (1)

A

Nephrotoxicity

30
Q

Give a reason why particles from catalytic convertors may particularly affect the foetus. (1)

A

May cross undeveloped (foetal) BBB

31
Q

Give three negative environmental impacts of catalytic convertors. (3)

A
  • More CO2 emissions
  • Mining for metals may cause pollution of water and ecosystems
  • Platinum emissions
32
Q

Give two ways that the environmental impacts of catalytic convertors may be mitigated. (2)

A
  • End of life car recycling network
  • Recycling of metals in catalytic convertors
33
Q

Briefly describe a legislation relating to mitigating the environmental effects of catalytic convertors. (1)

A

Laws are in place surrounding car emissions and catalytic convertors

34
Q

Give two future directions relating to improving the environmental impacts of catalytic convertors. (2)

A
  • Producing more effective CCs for hotter or quicker engines
  • More research on bioavailability of platinum group elements
35
Q

What is particulate matter? (1)

What is meant specifically by PM2.5? (1)

A

Everything in the air that is not a gas

PM2.5 have a diameter of 2.5um or less

36
Q

Give three examples of PM2.5 in the air. (3)

A
  • Liquid droplets
  • Dry solid fragments
  • Solid cores with liquid coatings
37
Q

How do PM2.5 typically get into the body? (1)

A

Inhaled into lungs

38
Q

Describe the difference between primary and secondary PM2.5. (2)

A

PRIMARY:
- directly emitted from sources

SECONDARY:
- formed in atmosphere through chemical reactions of gases

39
Q

Give eight environmental sources of PM2.5. (8)

A
  • Trees/vegetation
  • Wildfires
  • Pollen
  • Sea spray
  • Industrial processes
  • Motor vehicle exhaust
  • Wood burning
  • Diesel/petrol
40
Q

Give four groups of people at particular risk from PM2.5. (4)

A
  • Elderly
  • Chronic heart/lung disease
  • Children
  • Asthmatics
41
Q

Give seven mitigation/legislation methods aimed at reducing PM2.5 exposure. (7)

A
  • Air purifiers
  • Respiration masks
  • Strict emission standards for industrial processes (filters etc)
  • Reduction of vehicle emission
  • Increasing plants/trees in urban areas
  • Air quality guidelines and clean air zones
  • New technology for removing air pollution (UV breakdown etc)
42
Q

Give 12 potential dangers to humans of PM2.5 exposure. (12)

A
  • Premature mortality
  • Asthma attacks, acute/chronic bronchitis; exacerbation of existing heart/lung conditions
  • Reduced lung function/growth in children
  • Increased respiratory and CV symptoms
  • Increased risk of lung cancer
  • Brain tumours
  • Stroke
  • Cognitive dysfunction
  • Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
  • Intrauterine foetal demise
  • Preeclampsia
  • Offspring abnormalities (spatial learning and memory)
43
Q

Give two ways that PM2.5 may enter the brain. (2)

A
  • Olfactory nerve
  • Crossing BBB
44
Q

Give ten effects/mechanisms of PM2.5 on the body and brain. (10)

A
  • Damage to airways/alveoli
  • Damage to cerebral blood vessels
  • Oxidative stress (decreased SOD/catalase)
  • Interacts with miRNAs
  • Increased intestinal permeability
  • Increased GI/microbiota inflammatory cytokines
  • Neuroinflammation
  • Elevates neuronal BACE1
  • Downregulation of glutamate receptor subunits (synaptic impairment)
  • Dendrite atrophy in the hippocampus
45
Q

Fill the gaps relating to PM2.5 effects on humans. (2)

The mechanisms of PM2.5 on the brain are dependent on the …………….. and …………….. of exposure.

A

dose

duration

environment and brain student presentations (6 decks)

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