OIA Exam

Question 1

Growth Rate (v)

Answer 1

(CBR-CDR)/ 10. or. (Crude Birth rate - Crude Death Rate) /10

Question 2

Doubling Time

Answer 2

70/r. r = Percentage Growth Rate

Question 3

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Answer 3

The average number of children a woman in a population will bear through her lifetime.

Question 4

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Factors:

Answer 4

Development: More developed nations have a lower TFR. (more education for women)

Government Policy: Forceful or encouraging policies. (Tax incentives to have fewer kids, 1 child policy)

Question 5

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Replacement Fertility:

Answer 5

Replacement Fertility: The TFR required to offset deaths in a pop. and keep pop. size stable. (High levels of Replacement fertility high = higher infant mortality)

Question 6

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Answer 6

The number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population. (Higher in less developed countries due to lack of health care, food, etc.)

Question 7

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Factors:

Answer 7

Access to clean water
Access to healthcare
More reliable food supply

Question 8

Population Pyramids: Rapid Growth

Answer 8

Very Wide at the bottom and very narrow at the top (Nigeria)

Question 9

Population Pyramids: Slowly Increasing

Answer 9

Wide at the bottom and narrow at the top (USA)

Question 10

Population Pyramids: Stable/No Growth

Answer 10

Same with from bottom to top (Denmark)

Question 11

Population Pyramids: Declining/Negative Growth

Answer 11

Narrow at the bottom and wider at the top (Japan)

Question 12

Plate Tectonics: Transform

Answer 12

Plates slide sideways past each other. (Fractures rocks)

Question 13

Plate Tectonics: Divergent

Answer 13

Plates move away from each other. (Volcanoes & valleys)

Question 14

Plate Tectonics: Convergent

Answer 14

Plates move toward each other, which leads to subduction one plate is forced beneath the other. (Mountains)

Question 15

Ocean Properties: ph

Answer 15

ph is acidity
Low ph = High Acidity

Question 16

Ocean Properties: Turbidity

Answer 16

Measure the level of particles such as sediment, plankton, or organic by-products in the water. (High turbidity = denser & less clear)

Question 17

Ocean Properties: Salinity

Answer 17

The Saltiness in a body of water.

Question 18

Ocean Qualities: Density

Answer 18

Less dense: Warm water & Freshwater

More dense: Cold water & Saltwater

Question 19

Ocean Currents: Importance

Answer 19

Brings food and oxygen

Carries away waste and pollutants

Moves drifting organisms from place to place: Plankton.

Question 20

Ocean Currents: Surface Currents

Answer 20

Wind-driven currents. (Horizontal)

Creates Gyres: Massive circular systems of wind-driven surface currents. (Clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere)

Question 21

Ocean Currents: Thermohaline

Answer 21

Causes deep ocean circulation.

Temperature and Salinity cause water density changes, making water masses rise and fall.

Question 22

Ocean Currents: Upwelling

Answer 22

Wind-driven vertical currents. (Moves water and causes new water to rise and replace it )

Question 23

Ocean currents: Coriolis Effect & Spiraling

Answer 23

Coriolis effect: The wind goes straight but the earth is rotating beneath it.

Due to the Coriolis effect, the earth keeps turning and changing the wind direction, making it a spiral. (Spiraling)

Question 24

El Niño / La Niña: Neutral/Normal

Answer 24

East to West
W <– E
Through Upwelling (Cooler water in South America)

Question 25

El Niño / La Niña: El Niño

Answer 25

West to East
W –> E
Upwelling Stops (Warmer water in South America)

Question 26

El Niño / La Niña: La Niña

Answer 26

East to West
W <-<-<- E
Increased Upwelling (Cooler than normal water in South America)

Question 27

El Niño / La Niña: Effects

Answer 27

El Niño:
Less productive fisheries in South America
Increased Precipitation in South America
Drought in Australia
La Niña:
Better Fisheries in South America
Increased precipitation in Australia

Question 28

Aquatic biomes: Freshwater

Answer 28

Lakes & Ponds
Limnetic zones
Eutrophication

Rivers & streams

Question 29

Aquatic Biomes: Wetlands

Answer 29

Swamps, Marshy
High biodiversity
Can help with flood waters

Question 30

Aquatic Biomes: Brackish

Answer 30

Estuaries where saltwater and freshwater combine.

Question 31

Aquatic Biomes: Saltwater

Answer 31

Salt marshes
Mangroves (Flood control)
Intertidal zones
Coral reefs
Kelp forest
Open Ocean

Question 32

Human Impacts: Range of Tolerance

Answer 32

Acid Rain (ph)
Green House Gasses
Increased temperature
Overfishing
Oil spills
Pollution
Habitat Destruction
Deprivements
Eutrophication (excess nutrients cause hypoxic “dead” zones)

Question 33

Overfishing: Fishing types

Answer 33

Longlines: Baited hooks to attract targeted species.
Bottom Trawling: Dragging a large net across the ocean floor.
Gillnets: A wall of netting that hangs underwater.
Sonar: Emitting pulses of sound and measuring the return strength.

All of these are Bycatch: Unintended species can be bought and can also damage the habitats.

Question 34

Aquaculture

Answer 34

Fish farms vaccinate and feed the fish until they switch them out to saltwater.

If they escape the difference in their organisms may cause trouble in the ecosystem.

Question 35

Bioaccumulation

Answer 35

When pollutants build up in a single organism’s body over time.

Question 36

Biomagnification

Answer 36

Toxins may increase in concentration as they are passed through the food chain.

Question 37

POP’s (Persistent Environmental Pollutants)

Answer 37

PCBs, dioxins, DDT