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IEP exam > Ohoho HD right > Flashcards

Ohoho HD right Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of evidence

A

a tool that can be used to quickly grade research studies according to their quality

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2
Q

What are other factors to consider about hierarchy of evidence?

A

they do not assess actual quality of studies themselves.
do not consider generalisability
benefits: the effect of the result and whether its clinically worthwhile
harms: adverse affects and costs

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3
Q

Evidence Based Practice

A

making decisions about how to promote health or provide care by integrating the best available evidence

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4
Q

5 step approach

A

Ask: define problem as a searchable question (PICO)
Acquire: search and acquire relevant info
Appraise: appraise the information you acquired
apply: using the evidence and applying into practice
assess: assess the results of how you went in the 5 step approach

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5
Q

PICO, what does it stand for?

A

P- patient
I- intervention
C- comparison
O- outcome

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6
Q

Quantitative data

A

research focuses on the use of numbers and testing hypotheses

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7
Q

Qualitative data

A

research focuses on words and analysis of themes, ideas and beliefs

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8
Q

Continuous data

A

can be given any value (temperature, height etc)

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9
Q

Discontinuous (discrete) data

A

Data that fits into one of two or more discrete categories

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10
Q

Nominal scale (categorical)

A

data obtained fits into one f two or more groups. NO RANKING OR ORDER ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROUPS.

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11
Q

Ordinal scale

A

Data obtained fits into one of two or more groups. THERE IS A RANKING OR ORDER ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROUPS.

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12
Q

Interval scale

A

There is no true zero point (temperature)

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13
Q

Ratio scale

A

There is a true zero point

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14
Q

What are the 4 key things you are trying to learn about from PICO?

A

Prevalence, Diagnosis, Prognosis and treatment

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15
Q

Measures of central tendency and dispersion

A

Centre of the distribution - median, mean

Variability/dispersion of the data - interquartile range/range, standard deviation

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16
Q

Nominal data presentation

A

Usually presented in contingency tables

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17
Q

Ordinal data presentation

A

Median, Range, IQR

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18
Q

Interval/ratio data presentation

A

mean, SD

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19
Q

Inferential statistics

A

statistics that enable generalisation (inferences) to the wider population

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20
Q

Internal validity

A

the truthfulness of the findings of a study based on the methods used in that study

conclusions about causal relationships can be made (cause and effect), based on measures used, the research setting and the whole research design. independent and dependent variables would be made if it has good internal validity.

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21
Q

External validity

A

the extent to which findings from a study relate to patients or clients in the real world. (generalisability of the study)

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22
Q

Construct validity

A

to what extent does research actually measure what the theory says they do?

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23
Q

Chi^2 tests

A

used to compare frequencies of an event occurring in two groups

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24
Q

T-test

A

used to compare the mean values of two groups that have received different interventions for a particular condition

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25
Q

P value

A

used to determine the probability of an event occurring.

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26
Q

Point estimate

A

used as an estimate of the effect of an intervention. tells us how big the effect was in the sample studied.

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27
Q

Confidence Intervals

A

indicates how precise the point estimate is and how well the sample represents a wider population

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28
Q

Bias

A

prejudice for or against a group

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29
Q

Intention to treat analysis

A

used in RCTs where outcome measures are obtained regardless o compliance with the trial protocol and where data from all participants are analysed according to the allocation

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30
Q

Sample size

A

should be large enough to detect if the intervention is being evaluated leads to a clinically worthwhile effect

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31
Q

outcome measures

A

used to measure the effect of an intervention. that should be both valid and reliable.

32
Q

patient-reported outcome

A

an outcome where the patient, rather than the clinician, reports on the impact of a disease or intervention on the status of their health

33
Q

confounder

A

an extraneous factor that distorts the true effect of an intervention

34
Q

selection bias

A

investigators systematically manipulate enrolment

35
Q

allocation bias

A

process of allocation participants to groups leads to differences in baseline characteristics of those groups

36
Q

assessment bias

A

assessment of participants lacks objectivity. subjective outcome measures are prone to exaggerate the effect of the intervention

37
Q

ascertainment bias

A

results or conclusions are distorted by knowing which interventions each participant is receiving

38
Q

stopping rule bias

A

the trial is stopped inappropriately

39
Q

maturation bias

A

the effect might be due to changes that have occurred naturally over time, not because of any intervention

40
Q

attrition bias

A

participants who withdraw from studies may differ systematically from those who remain. other there may be more participants lost from one group than the other one

41
Q

measurement bias

A

errors in measuring exposure or outcome can lead to differential accuracy of information between groups.

42
Q

placebo effect

A

an improvement in the participants condition may occur because they expect or believe that the intervention that they are receiving will cause an improvement

43
Q

hawthorne effect

A

Alteration of behaviour by the subjects due to awareness of being observed

44
Q

explanatory trial

A

a trial that is highly controlled and hence reduces the number of variables that can affect the final outcome

45
Q

pragmatic trial

A

one in which the investigators attempt to mimic common practice, thereby endeavouring as much as possible to make the results generalisable to everyday practice

46
Q

publication bias

A

occurs when a trial is published or not published because of the direction of its findings. studies that have a positive results are more likely to be published.

47
Q

citation bias

A

occurs where articles that have more statistically significant findings are cited more often than others.

48
Q

the CONSORT statement

A

(consolidated standards of reporting trials)
aims to ensure accurate and complete reporting f the design, conduct, analysis and generalisability of the trials, thus ensuring the highest posisble standards are met when clinical trials are published

49
Q

Type I statistical errors

A

occur when researchers mistakenly conclude that a finding was statistically significant when it may be a result of chance rather than being a real difference

50
Q

Type II statistical errors

A

there may have been a worthwhile clinical effect, however the trial did not have a large enough SAMPLE SIZE to detect it statistically

51
Q

Quality assessment

A

evaluation of the methodological quality of a particular study.

52
Q

Homogeneity

A

level of similarity of findings between different studies

53
Q

Heterogeneity

A

level of dissimilarity of findings between different studies (due to variables, biases, methods of obtaining results)

54
Q

Natural progression

A

succession fo quantities in which there is a constant relation between each member and the one succeeding it

55
Q

Regression to the mean

A

if the variable is extreme upon first measurement, it is closer to average on the second measurement

56
Q

Rosenthal effect

A

the greater the expectation placed on people, the better they perform

57
Q

Resentful demoralisation

A

those in the control group are resentful for not receiving the experimental treatment. could lead to non-compliancy and un-cooperativeness. can lead to significant systematic differences in the outcome of the control group

58
Q

APPLY - 1 strength

A

level and quality of the evidence

statistical vs. clinical significance

59
Q

APPLY - 1 Completeness

A

study findings are explicit and complete

comparison to other studies and similarities

60
Q

APPLY - 1 relevance

A

appropriate for your patient?

61
Q

APPLY - 2 Risks and benefits

A

clinically worthwhile? any side effects?

62
Q

APPLY - 2 costs

A

direct vs indirect costs

63
Q

APPLY - 3 influencing factors

A 
individual
practicality
local context
ethical 
economical
social
political
64
Q

Risk ratio - use? (discontinuous data)

A

Compare the rate (chance) of an event in one group against the rate of an event in another group

65
Q

Risk ratio

A

the chance of risk

66
Q

0.00 to 0.25

A

little/no relationship

67
Q

0.25 to 0.50

A

fair relationship

68
Q

0.50 to 0.75

A

moderate to good relationship

69
Q

0.75 to 1.00

A

good to excellent relationship

70
Q

correlations - what variables can they be?

A

ordinal, interval or ratio

71
Q

What does the black diamond show in a systematic review forest plot?

A

Pooled results from the included studies and treatment led to a non-statistically significant increase in the risk of side effects

72
Q

Negatively skewed data means (in regards to statistical mean/median etc)

A

median is greater than the mean

mode is greater than the mean

73
Q

Standardised mean difference

A

effect size calculated for the difference between the two treatment groups
0.5 large effect

74
Q

statistical tests to calculate effect size for continuous data

A

standarised mean difference

75
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

a real difference between the groups/observations due to a systematic cause

76
Q

null hypotheses

A

no real difference between groups/observations

77
Q

Heterogenous on a forest plot would indicate that

A

P value for Chi^2 test is less than 0.1

I^2 test is greater than 50%

IEP exam (1 decks)

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