OFW Flashcards
Not properly documented or without valid residence/work permits.
Irregular OFW
Types of OFW worldwide:
Temporary overseas workers
Irregular overseas Fiipinos
Permanent overseas Filipinos
Immigrants or legal permanent residents abroad whose stay do not depend on work contracts.
Permanent OFW
Stay overseas due to employment and expected to return at the end of their work contracts.
Temporary OFW
Give the top 5 countries with most OFW.
United states Saudi Arabia Malaysia Japan Canada
Country with the least OFW.
Norway
When did the first wave of filipino labor migration occur and where?
1900’s, hawaiian plantations
First wave is brought about by what?
Philippine-American war (migration to the US with option to stay for good pr to return to the country)
It is characterized by an outflow of professionals to the US, around 250k by 1975. (Doctors dentists mechanical technicians)
Second wave (induced by desire to “look for greener pastures”)
During the third wave there is a dramatic increase in ________. Most Filipinos had short-term contractual relationships in ________.
Oil prices, Middle east
The highest worker deployment (719,602) was during what year?
1994
TRUE or FALSE: The Philippines is the largest organized exporter of labor in the world.
TRUE
Around __% of the total population are OFWs.
10% (8M)
TRUE or FALSE: More Filipinis leave the country to reside permanently abroad than for temporary contract.
FALSE
The predominant work destination during the 70’s & early 80’s that gave way to Asia (mid 80’s-90’s).
Middle east
Around how many % of those who leave the country are women?
65-70%
During the 70’s and mid-80’s, deploying of workers are for:
Production, transport, construction and related work
Deployment during the mid-80’s to 90’s has shifted to:
Service workers (particularly domestic helpers)
Most male Filipino migrants work in _____ but this sector has been shrinking due to financial crisis.
Construction
Job of a large portion of OFW.
Domestic help
TRUE or FALSE: women constitute a large part of the philippines workforce.
TRUE
Estimate percentage of Filipina OFWs.
64% (1999)
T or F: filipino women rank among the most mobile or migratory in Asia.
TRUE
Female OFW tend to remit __% more than their male counterparts.
71%
T or F: among single workers, sons remit bigger amounts and on a more regular basis compared to daughters.
FALSE (daughters remit more)
In one year, mothers remit ___ month’s worth compared to ___ monthly salaries contributed by fathers.
Mother - 6.4
Father - 5.5
Estimated financial contribution through remittances:
2005: more than 10billion US dollars
2004: 7.6 billion
This study reveals the financial consideration in the decision to move, w/ underlying desire for social mobility.
Tacoli study
The Tacoli Study (1996) is based on Filipino migrants in:
Rome
Social mobility processes:
Investment in schooling
Funds for land/animal purchase
Capital to set-up small business
Money to build/buy home
Common family-managed small business:
Jeepney transport
Sari-sari store
According to _______ study, migrant family is better off economically than non-migrant family.
Concepcion study (1998)
Problems of OFWs:
Pre-departure
On-site
Return migration
Between __ to __ milllion are directly dependent on migrant’s remittance.
22 - 35 M (53% of total population)
The high cost of placement fees, lack of info on host country policies, lack of preparation of migrant workers & fam, illegal recruitment, deployment or departure & limited job options are examples of what type of OFW problem:
Pre-departure
Lack of savings, inability to manage income, broken families, reintegration prob of women migrant workers are under what problem?
Return migration
Examples of on-site problem:
Abusive & exploitive work condition Contract substitution Inadequate protection Limited OFW service Ill attended health needs Rampant women trafficking Social & cultural adaptation problem Violence Interracial marriage
A domestic worker in UAE who stabbed her male employer after he tried to rape her.
Sarah Balabagan
Balabagan returned to Philippines after serving _ months in jail.
9 mos
T or F: death and abuse against female OFW occur in Asian countries.
FALSE (in Arab)
Under abuse & exploitation, accdg to OWWA (1996), how many Filipinks arrive in a box every day:
2
*54 every month (1997, DFA)
They are particularly vulnerable to abuse due to work situation:
Domestic helpers
Entertainers
Country where DH are prohibited from marrying employers and undergo preg test every 6mos.
Singapore
Country where labor laws don’t offer protection to DH and no legal rights or means of seeking regress for contractual violation.
Saudi Arabia
DH have been forced to take 5% pay cut due to Asian crisis:
Hongkong
There is delayed payment, no industrial disaster insurance & 1 out of 3 (among 196) foreign women had experience verbal or physical violence.
Korea
Refers to exodus of scientists, nurses, doctors, comp scie abroad.
Brain drain
T or F: remittances will never recompense the brain drain effects to the country.
TRUE
Result if educated workforce leaving the country:
Political loss
Filipinos seek/accept jobs they are overqualified as long as it gives higher income.
Deskilling
Refers to the relationship between exodus of educated people & election of “unqualified” or “popular” candidates into office.
Political loss
Children develop behavioral problems, esp early teens.
Cost of family separation
Under immigration laws in ______, infants of migrant workers cannot stay beyond how many months?
South Korea, 1month
Occurs more often among couples separated for long periods.
Infidelity or marital dissolution
POEA had more than ____ cases of non-support from 2000-2002.
2,500 cases
Reasons for separation & abondonment:
Prolonged separation Lack of communication Difficult living & work conditions Lack of emotional & social support Emotional & mental pressure Falling out of love
OFWs in ___ use fake certificates to remarry.
UAE
They conducted a study of determinants of successful labor migration in the Gulf area.
Arcinas and Bautista (1988)
Accdg to ____, family structure changes, strained relationship bet husband & wife, changes in roles occur as impact of female overseas employment.
Concepcion (1998)
Families are able to cope & adjust to due to the support of:
Extended kin
