Official Definitions + Some Examples Flashcards
What is Logic at first glance
the study of reasoning or thinking, how we SHOULD think not how we do
What is Logic for logicists
the study of arguments
What is an Argument?
A set of determinately true or false sentences with 3 elements:
1. One or more premises, which provide evidence or support.
2. One conclusion, which follows from or is supported by the premises.
3. A claim about the connection between the premises and the conclusion.
What are Premises
propositions or statements that provide evidence and support for an author’s conclusion
What are the three elements every Argument needs to have?
- One or more premises, which provide evidence or support.
- One conclusion, which follows from or is supported by the premises.
- A claim about the connection between the premises and the conclusion.
What is a Conclusion?
a sentence in an argument that represents the author’s assertion, should be supported by the premises
What is an absolute borderline case?
Is the following an absolute borderline case?
Fill in the blank: If a sentence is Vague it has ____?
Absolute borderline cases
What is a Deductive Argument?
An argument in which the premise(s) are claimed to lend absolute support to the conclusion.
What is an Inductive Argument?
An argument in which the premise(s) are not claimed to lend absolute support to the conclusion. Instead, the premises are claimed to make the conclusion probable or likely.
Fill in the blank: An argument is Deductively Valid if _____.
If it has NO counter-examples.
What is a counter-example?
A possible situation (or possible world) in which all of the premises of the argument are TRUE, and the conclusion FALSE.
[possible world where premises=true but conclusion=false.]
Is this argument Deductively Valid?
Fill in the blank: If an argument has counter-examples then it is _____.
Deductively Invalid.
When does an argument have High Inductive Probability?
If the truth of the conclusion is very likely given the truth of the premises.
Fill in the blank: If the truth of an argument’s conclusion is questionable or not very likely given the truth of the premises, then it has ____.
Low Inductive Probability.
What are the two conditions an argument needs to fulfill to be Sound?
It must be Deductively Valid and have TRUE premises.
True or False: A Sound argument can be Deductively Valid or Invalid.
False, a Sound argument can ONLY be Deductively Valid.
What is Monotonic reasoning?
Where adding new premises will not make an argument that succeeds in providing the claimed support for its conclusion to then fail to do so.
What is Non-Monotonic reasoning?
Where adding new premises could make an argument that succeeds in providing the claimed support for its conclusion to then fail to do so.
What kind of reasoning does an argument have if adding new premises jeapardizes the argument’s ability to maintain the claimed support for its conclusion?
Non-Monotonic.
What is a Fallacy?
A faulty argument or a faulty kind of argument.
What is a Fallacy of Relevance?
Where someone supports their conclusion with premises that are NOT relevant to the truth of the conclusion.