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4 Ops > Offensive Operations (Vol I - Advance) > Flashcards

Offensive Operations (Vol I - Advance) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an advance?

A

An advance is an operation of war in which mobility or maneuver is exploited for gaining positions of advantage by joining or rejoining battle under the most favorable circumstances.
This is carried out to contact, locate and hold the enemy in position.

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2
Q

What are the reasons for Advance?

A
  1. Advance to contact.
  2. Follow up of a planned strategic
    withdrawal.
  3. Pursuit.
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3
Q

What is the Aim of Advance?

A
  1. To locate and destroy enemy forces.
  2. To demoralize the enemy and reduce
    his capacity to fight.
  3. To seize ground of tactical importance.
  4. To seize or maintain the initiative.
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4
Q

What are the Basic Considerations for Advance?

A
  1. Combat Intelligence
  2. Seizure and maintenance of initiative
  3. Maintenance of momentum
  4. Security
  5. Grouping and order of march
  6. Flexibility
  7. Logistics
  8. Air
  9. Deception
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5
Q

Advance Guard

A

It is a balanced force composed of all arms, based on an infantry battalion or an armored regiment, or a mechanized infantry battalion, depending on the threat.

Its main tasks are as follows:

  1. To prevent the main body from running blindly into the enemy.
  2. To drive in minor opposition, or if opposition is too strong for it to overcome, to secure a firm base and cover the deployment of the main body.
  3. To give information about the enemy, ground, routes and obstacles to enable the commander to formulate the plan.
  4. To find and exploit gaps in the enemy’s defensive system.
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6
Q

Advance Party

A

The unit, which is sent forward by, and constitutes the reconnoitering element of, the support of any unit or formation.

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7
Q

Advance Position

A

A position held in front of the main defensive position on the enemy’s line of approach by an all-armed force deployed on a broad front to harass and delay the enemy as well as deny information about own main position. It is different to covering troops which are based upon a mobile element.

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8
Q

Air Defense

A

All measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action.
It is divided into two types:

  1. Active Air Defense:
    It is direct defensive air action taken to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action. It includes such measures as the use of aircraft, air defense weapons, weapons not used primarily in air defense role and electronic warfare.
  2. Passive Air Defense:
    All measures, other than active air defense, taken to minimize the effectiveness of the hostile air action. These measures include deception, dispersion and the use of protective construction.
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9
Q

Airborne Operation

A

An operation involving the movement of combat forces and their logistic support into an objective area by air.

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10
Q

Airfield

A

An area prepared for the accommodation (including any buildings, installations and equipment), landing and take-off of an aircraft.

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11
Q

Air Control Team

A

A team especially organized to direct close air support strikes in the vicinity of forward round elements by visual or other means. The team normally consists of one air force and one army officer.

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12
Q

Air Force

A

The military organization of a country charged with the responsibility for air warfare.

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13
Q

Air Interdiction

A

Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize or delay the enemy’s military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces, at such distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movement of friendly forces is not required.

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14
Q

Air Observation Post

A

An unarmed aircraft, from which aerial observation of direction for fire is carried out. It normally operates at low altitude behind own forward troops and is flown by an artillery officer under the operational control of the appropriate artillery HQs.

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15
Q

Air Parity

A

The functional equivalency between enemy and friendly air forces in strength and capability to attack and destroy targets.

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16
Q

Air Photographic Reconnaissance

A

The obtaining of information by air photography, divided into three categories:
1. Strategic photographic reconnaissance
2. Tactical photographic reconnaissance
3. Survey/Cartographic reconnaissance

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17
Q

Air Strike

A

Delivery of weapons from the air against surface targets. (Strike denotes delivery of nuclear weapons and Attack denotes delivery of non-nuclear weapons.)

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18
Q

Air Strip

A

An unimproved surface which has been adapted for take-off or landing of aircrafts, usually having minimum facilities.

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19
Q

Air Superiority

A

That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former on its related land, sea and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force.

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20
Q

Air Supremacy

A

That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing force is incapable of effective interference. This is a condition of air superiority which is not bound by time and space.

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21
Q

Allotment

A

The process of placing the firepower of artillery or infantry mortars at the disposal of a formation or a unit without any change in grouping for command.
The authority to allot is vested in the commander having operational command.

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22
Q

Anti-Tank Weapon’s Range

A
  1. Long Range: An anti-tank weapon with an effective maximum range of more than 2000 meters.
  2. Medium range: An anti-tank weapon with an effective maximum range of more than 1000 meters but less than 2000 meters.
  3. Short Range: An anti-tank weapon with an effective maximum range of less than 1000 meters.
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23
Q

Appreciation

A

A logical process of reasoning by which a commander considers all the circumstances affecting the military situation and arrives at a decision as to the course of action to be taken in order to accomplish the mission.

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24
Q

Approach

A

An area of ground with distinct characteristics of its own, which enables it to be used by a force of its given size in its advance to an objective area. It is not a road route but may include one or more depending upon the size of the force using it.
It will be considered in terms of frontage, depth, type and speed of movement, interference, assault ability, importance, observation, fields of fire, cover, concealment and mutual support.

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25
Q

Area of Influence

A

A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations, by maneuver of fire support systems, normally under his command or control. The area of influence is the physical volume of space that expands, contracts and moves according to a formation or unit’s current ability to acquire or engage the enemy. It will be determined by the reach of organic systems or those temporarily under command and at any time will be finite.

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26
Q

Area of Interest

A

That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent there to, and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by the enemy forces that could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.

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27
Q

Area of Intelligence Responsibility

A

An area allocated to a commander, at any level, in which he is responsible for intelligence organic systems or those temporarily under command and at any time will be finite.

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28
Q

Area of Operations

A

That portion of an area of war necessary for military operations and for the administrations of such operations. It is abbreviated as ‘AO’.

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29
Q

Armor

A

Metal plates or other similar protective coverings provided on ships, vehicles etc.

It is also a basic branch of army equipped with tanks and other supporting vehicles.

30
Q

Armored Vehicles

A

A wheeled or tracked motor vehicles protected by steel armor and equipped with guns.

31
Q

Axis

A

The line giving the general direction astride which a formation or unit move, assigned for the purpose of control.

32
Q

Axis of Advance

A

A line of advance assigned for the purpose of control, often a road or a group of roads or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy.

33
Q

Battle Group (BG)

A

A Battle Group is a tactical grouping, usually with armor and infantry under command, based on the HQ of an armored regiment or infantry battalion, normally armored or mechanized, or possibly on an armored reconnaissance regiment.
Its composition is dictated by the formation HQ to suit the task and area of operation.

34
Q

Battle Procedure

A

Covers all preliminary measures, before a unit or a formation is launched into battle, ensuring saving in time by the process of simultaneous action by commanders and troops at all levels.

35
Q

Battlefield Air Interdiction (BAI)

A

Air action against hostile surface targets which are in a position to directly affect friendly forces, and which requires joint planning and coordination. While BAI missions require coordination in joint planning, they may require continuous coordination during the execution stage.

36
Q

Battlefield Surveillance

A

A continuous and systematic observation, scanning of the battlefield by day and night, under all weather conditions by visual, electronic and other means for obtaining intelligence and/or early warning.

37
Q

Bomb line

A

An imaginary line arranged, if possible, to follow well defined geographical features, the enemy side of which the Air Force is free to attack without danger to or reference to own ground forces. It is laid down by the highest headquarters for the conduct of operations in a particular sector of the theatre. It is not a static line, and changes with the movement of own forces.

38
Q

Bound

A

A bound is a feature of tactical significance, on or astride the axis, which could be held defensively if the need arose. At formation level, a bound may be given a nickname and used as a control measure. Troops except armored formations will halt at bounds unless otherwise ordered.

39
Q

Boundary

A

A line by which areas of responsibility between adjacent units or formations are defined.

40
Q

Built-up Area

A

A concentration of structures, facilities and population.

41
Q

Bypass

A

Maneuvering around an obstacle, position or the enemy force in order to maintain the momentum of advance. Bypassed enemy forces must be reported to higher headquarters.
A route or an imaginary line arranged, if possible, to follow well defined geographical features, along which the headquarters of a formation or unit will move in the advance.

42
Q

Checkpoint

A

A selected point on the ground, at which individuals, groups/subunits or units report to a responsible person during a move, with a view to provide the commander, with the necessary information regarding the progress of the move, and to assist him to exercise control.

43
Q

Close Air Support (CAS)

A

Air action against hostile targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces, and which requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces.

44
Q

Code Word

A

A prearranged secret single word, used to provide security cover to a particular classified matter, and used to convey instruction and information. Code words may be ascribed to name of plans, projects, operations or phases of operations.

45
Q

Combat Command

A

A Combat Command is a grouping of units and subunits of all arms based on an armored brigade or mechanized brigade headquarters. Formed to specific mission or task, the units in a combat command are normally organized into Combat Groups.

46
Q

Combat Forces

A

Combat forces are those forces which use fire and maneuver to engage the enemy with direct fire weapons system, as distinguished from those which engage the enemy with indirect fire or otherwise provide combat support to maneuver forces.

47
Q

Combat Group

A

A combat group is the basic tactical unit for mobile warfare. It is a grouping of all arms based on an armored regiment mechanized battalion headquarters formed to provide the combat group commander with the number and type of subunits necessary for accomplishment of specific mission for task. This group normally comprises a complete armored regiment or a mechanized infantry battalion with one or more non-organic subunits placed under command or it may be a balanced armored regiment /infantry battalion group. At times a combat infantry battalion minus one or more organic subunits with one more non-organic subunits under command.

48
Q

Combat Intelligence

A

That knowledge of the enemy, weather and geographical features required by a commander in the planning and conduct of combat operations.

A combat team differs from combat group in its level. It is a tactical grouping of arms based on an armored squadron or mechanized company headquarters with various permutations and combinations given in the combat group. Such teams may also be organized at tank troops/mechanized infantry platoon level for carrying out specific tasks by attaching a complete infantry platoon to a tank troop or vice versa. The teams will normally operate together. However, when ground or other considerations do not permit this, they should be within supporting distance of each other.

49
Q

Combat Zone

A

The area required by combat forces for the conduct of operations. It is divided into:

  1. Forward Combat Zone: Comprises the territory forward of the corps rear boundary.
  2. Rear Combat Zone: Comprises the territory between the corps rear boundary and the army group rear boundary.
50
Q

Command and Control (C2)

A

The exercise of command is the process, through which the activities of military forces are directed, coordinated and controlled to accomplish the mission. This process encompasses the personnel, equipment, communication facilities and procedures necessary to gather and analyze information, to plan for what is to be done, and to supervise the execution of operation.

The following terms are more specific in their connotations:
1. In Direct Support
2. In Support
3. Under Command
4. Operational Command
5. Operational Control
6. At Priority Call

51
Q
  1. In Direct Support
A

Artillery units placed in direct support of a unit or formation has its fire guaranteed to that unit or formation. It provides liaison, communications and observation for the utilization of its fire. Its commander is the main advisor to the supported commander on the employment of all available fire support. Authority to order the guns to move into or out of action remains with higher artillery headquarters.

52
Q
  1. In Support
A

A unit/formation is said to be placed in support of another unit/formation, when the former is required to give all the assistance it can to the latter within the limits laid down by its responsibility for its movement and administration and retains the right of executive command.

53
Q
  1. Under Command
A

A formation or unit may be permanently or temporarily placed under complete operational and administrative control of a specific commander but may be subjected to limitations imposed by order, such as under command for move.

54
Q
  1. Operational Command
A

The authority granted to a commander to assign missions or tasks to subordinate commanders and to retain or delegate operational and/or tactical control as may be necessary. It does not include administrative command or logistical responsibility.

55
Q
  1. Operational Control
A

The authority granted to a commander to direct forces assigned so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks to deploy units concerned and to retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment of components of the units concerned, neither does it, of itself include administrative or logistic control.

56
Q
  1. At Priority Call
A

The term is used to indicate priority or reservation of fire. Any agency, unit or formation when has priority rights over specified artillery but without the provision of liaison, observation and communications.

57
Q

Command Post

A

A unit’s or subunit’s headquarters where the commander and the staffs perform their activities.

58
Q

Commander’s Critical Information Requirements (CCIR)

A

Critical elements of information required by commanders that directly affect decision making and dictate the successful execution of military operations.

59
Q

Commander’s Intent

A

A concise expression of the purpose of the campaign or operation, the desired results and how operations will progress towards achieving the desired end-state.

60
Q

Communication Center

A

An agency charged with the responsibility for handling and controlling communications traffic. The center normally includes message center, transmitting and receiving facilities.

61
Q

Coordinating Line

A

An imaginary line, arranged, if possible, to follow well defined geographical features which rear parties, in a withdrawal, are allotted a time to cross.

62
Q

Course of Action

A

A possible plan opens to an individual or a commander that would accomplish or is related to the accomplishment of a mission.

63
Q

Debarkation

A

The unloading of troops with their supplies and equipment from a ship.

64
Q

Deception

A

Measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion or falsification of evidence to induce him to react in a manner prejudiced to his interests. Electronic deception is a desirable component of any deception plan.
It is of two types:

  1. Strategic Deception: Aims at misleading the enemy as to the location of the planned area of operations and its timings and scope in particular zone or theatre.
  2. Tactical Deception: Aims at misleading the enemy as to the location of own forces and the detail tactical plan on a particular sector of operations.
65
Q

Deep Operations

A

Deep operations expand the battlefield in time and space, making it difficult for the enemy to concentrate combat power without loss and thus diminish the coherence and tempo of his actions.

66
Q

Defilade

A

Protection from hostile observation and fire, provided by an obstacle such as a hill, ridge or bank.

It is a vertical distance by which a position is concealed from the enemy observation to shield from enemy fire or observation by using natural or artificial obstacles.

A position hidden from enemy observation and direct fire which enables engagement of the enemy’s flank.
Thus, from a defilade position enfilade fire is produced.

67
Q

Electronic Counter Measure (ECM)

A

That division of electronic warfare involving actions to be taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Electronic counter measures include:

  1. Electronic Jamming: The deliberate radiation, re-radiation or reflection of electro-magnetic energy with the object of impairing the use of electromagnetic devices, equipment or systems being used by the enemy.
  2. Electronic Deception: Deliberate activity designed to mislead an enemy in the interpretation or use of information received on his electronic systems.
68
Q

Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM)

A

The division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to ensure friendly effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy’s use of electronic warfare.

69
Q

Embussing Methods

A
  1. Dispersed Method: A method normally used in daylight in which troops carrying vehicles are drawn up in areas adjacent to the unit dispersal areas.
  2. Platform Method: This method is of two types:
    a. Short Platform - In this, subunits are embussed in
    turn of the same stretch of the road and is used when
    cover from air is unsatisfactory.b. Long Platform - It is used when cover from air is
    available, wherein the troops carrying vehicles are
    drawn up alongside the road and the whole unit
    embusses at the same time.c. Point Method - This is similar to the short platform
    method but embussing is done by individual vehicles in
    succession, instead of by subunit block.
69
Q

Embussing Point

A

The place where troops get into vehicles.

69
Q

Fire and Movement

A

A technique of attack in which one element of the attacking force moves while being supported by the fire of another element. It is a tactical technique used once contact with the enemy is gained whereby an attacking unit moves with its own fire which enables a portion of the unit to move forward, the remaining portion covers the forward movement by fire, when the forward portion of the unit gets into position, it takes up the fire and thus covers the advance of that position of the unit in the rear.

69
Q

Flank Guard

A

A security element operating to the flank of a moving or stationary force to protect it from enemy ground observation, direct fire and surprise attack. Security of flanks may be provided by a mobile force. Organization of this force depends upon whether it is a screen or a guard force.

4 Ops (6 decks)

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