Oefententamen

Question 1

The three components of behavioural contingency

Answer 1

1. Antecedent: Antecedents are environmental stimuli or events that are present in the context in which the behaviour occurs. (Or: Antecedents increase the probability that the behaviour
   occurs.
2. Behaviour: Behaviours = Anything an individual does, including overt behaviours (e.g.: smoking) and covert behaviour (private events such as thinking or feeling). The occurrence of the behaviour increases the probability that a consequence will be delivered.
3. Consequence: Consequences = Changes in the environment that occur after the behaviour and have an impact on the probability that the behaviour re-occurs in the future. The consequence increases or decreases the probability that the behaviour will re-occur in the future in the
   presence of similar antecedents.

Question 2

Distinction between positive and negative contingencies

Answer 2

positive contingencies / reinforcing -> increases the probability of the behavior to appear/occur again

negative contingencies/ punishing -> decreases the probability that the behavior occurs again

Question 3

Give an example of the relationship between the three components

Answer 3

A: B -> C

A: somethings happens

B: reaction after A happening

C: the result of the action, the outcome has a big influence if B will occur again or not

EXAMPLE:
- A Jenny sees a dog and pets it
- B The dog is friendly and stay calm and nice
- C Next time, Jenny will pet the dog again

If the dog was not nice and bit Jenny (B), she probably would not pet him again

Question 4

5 steps of a self-control program

Answer 4

1: Specify the problem and set goals

2: Make a commitment to change

3: Take data and analyse causes

4: Design and implement a program
- Manage the situation, the behaviour and
the consequences

5: Prevent relapse and make your gains last

Question 5

Example for David’s case

Answer 5

1: ‘i am addicted to alcohol’ ‘in January 2025 i want to have quit drinking alcohol completely’ (include subgoals!)

2: increase the probability to succes: tell your close friends that you stopped drinking, be aware of pitfalls and list the benefits of not drinking

3: monitor drinking behavior: when, how much, what kind of alcohol, feelings when wanting to drink/drinking, feelings afterwards

4: managing situation: not buying alcohol, do not go out to drink, keep a non-alcoholic beverage aside

managing behavior: small substeps! Not at
home, only at parties, only 1 glass at party

managing consequences: reward when
subgoals are achieved!

5:
relapse in situation:
- Do not go out if you are not feeling strong enough LEARN TO SAY NO

relapse in behavior:
- trying too much too soon? smaller goals!

relapse in consequence:
- reflect on why you drank