Oedema Flashcards
How long does it take for thiazide diuretics to act after oral administration?
Thiazides act within 1 to 2 hours of oral administration.
What is a potential side effect of higher doses of thiazides?
Higher doses of thiazides can cause changes in plasma potassium, sodium, uric acid, glucose, and lipids, with little added benefit in blood pressure control.
What is the primary use of bendroflumethiazide?
Bendroflumethiazide is used for the treatment of mild or moderate heart failure and hypertension, though it is no longer first-line for hypertension.
Which thiazide-like diuretic is useful for controlling oedema in stable patients with cirrhosis?
Chlortalidone is useful for controlling oedema in stable patients with cirrhosis.
What is a benefit of indapamide over other diuretics?
Indapamide is claimed to lower blood pressure with less metabolic disturbance, particularly less aggravation of diabetes mellitus.
What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics like furosemide and bumetanide?
They inhibit the sodium-potassium-2 chloride cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
What is the peak effect time for furosemide when administered intravenously?
Furosemide has a peak effect within 30 minutes when administered intravenously.
What is a potential risk when combining loop diuretics with other diuretics?
Combining loop diuretics with other diuretics, especially for vigorous diuresis, can induce acute hypotension.
Why should potassium-sparing diuretics not be given with potassium supplements?
Potassium-sparing diuretics can increase potassium retention, and combining them with potassium supplements can cause severe hyperkalemia.
What condition is spironolactone commonly used to treat?
Spironolactone is commonly used to treat oedema and ascites caused by cirrhosis, as well as moderate to severe heart failure.
What is the function of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs)?
MRAs, like spironolactone, block aldosterone, helping with fluid retention issues in heart failure, ascites, and primary hyperaldosteronism.
What is a key characteristic of osmotic diuretics like mannitol?
Osmotic diuretics like mannitol increase urine volume by drawing water into the renal tubules.
What is the typical duration of action for most thiazide diuretics?
The duration of action for most thiazides is 12 to 24 hours.
Why are thiazides typically administered early in the day?
Thiazides are given early in the day to prevent diuresis from interfering with sleep.
What type of diuretic is generally not used anymore due to nephrotoxicity?
Mercurial diuretics are generally not used anymore because of their nephrotoxicity.
Which type of diuretic can be used to treat glaucoma?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like dorzolamide and brinzolamide can be used to treat glaucoma.
What is the key mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics like amiloride and triamterene?
Potassium-sparing diuretics block sodium channels in the collecting duct, reducing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
What is a major adverse effect of loop diuretics on metabolism?
Loop diuretics can exacerbate diabetes and gout, although hyperglycemia is less likely than with thiazides.
What is the primary action of spironolactone in treating heart failure?
Spironolactone antagonizes aldosterone, which helps reduce fluid retention in heart failure.
