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Higher physics > ODU (part 1) > Flashcards

ODU (part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scalar?

A

A scalar is a quantity that has size (magnitude) only

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2
Q

What is a vector?

A

A vector is a quanity that has size (magnitude) and direction

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3
Q

Name 6 examples of scalars

A

Distance
Speed
Energy
Temperatire
Time
Volume

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4
Q

Name 5 vectors

A

Velocity
Displacement
Weight
Force

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5
Q

Define distance

A

Distance is a scalar. It is the total length of the path an object has travelled.

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6
Q

Define displacement.

A

Distance is a vector. It is a measure of how farn an object has moved directly from its start point to its finish point in a straight line.

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7
Q

What happens if an object changes its direction during a journey

A

its average speed and average velocity for the journey will be different.

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8
Q

Formula for speed

A

V= d/t

V= speed measured in metres per second (ms^-1)
d = distance measured in metres (m)
t = time measured in seconds (s)

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9
Q

Formula for velocity

A

V = s/t

V = velocity measured in metres per second (ms^-1)
s = displacement measured in metres (m)
t = time measured in seconds (s)

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10
Q

Define acceleration

A

acceleration (a) is the change in velocity per unit time

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11
Q

What is acceleration measured in

A

metres per second per second (ms^-2)

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12
Q

Describe an experiment to measure the acceleration of an object down a slope.

A

Use a cart with card on it, place it let it roll down a slope and use a light gate connected to a computer to find out its final speed and time taken to pass the light gate. substitue these values into the acceleration formula.

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13
Q

What are the 4 equations of motion

A

V = u + at
S = ut + 1/2at^2
V^2 = u^2 + 2as
S = 1/2(u+v)t

Where:
S = displacement measured in metres (m)
u = initial velocity measured in metres per second (ms^-1)
v = Final velocity measured in metres per second (ms^-1)
a = acceleration measured in metres per second per second (ms^-2)
t = time measured in seconds (s)

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14
Q

How to find displacement and acceleration in a velocity time graph

A

Find the area under the graph to find the displacement and gradient of the line to find the acceleration.

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15
Q

What are the conditions for equations of motion to be used

A

The motion is a straight line
The acceleration is constant

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16
Q

What is the acceleration due to gravity (Vertical motion)

A

-9.8 ms^-2 (downwards)

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17
Q

The final velocity of an object falling 10m would be (+/-)

A

negative

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18
Q

Tne initial velocity of an object being thrown upwards 10m would be (+/-)

A

positive

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19
Q

How do you find acceleration in a speed time graph

A

gradient of the graph.

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20
Q

How do you find distance travlled in a speed time graph

A

Area under the graph

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21
Q

How do you find displacement in a velocity time graph

A

area under the graph

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22
Q

How do you find the velocity in a displacement time graph

A

gradient

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23
Q

how do you find the acceleration in a velocity time graph

A

gradient

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24
Q

How do you find change in velocity in an acceleration time graph

A

area under the graph.

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25
Q

an accelerataion time graph shows…

A

the gradient of the velocity time graph at all points.

26
Q

A change in objects motion to the opposite direction means that the velocity/acceleration time graphs will…

A

“change signs” ie go from postive to negative.

27
Q

State Newtons first law

A

An object will remain at rest or traavel at a constant speed in a straight line (constant velocity) unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

28
Q

State Newtons second law

A

The acceleration of an object varies directly with the unbalanced force applied (constant mass) and inversely with the mass. (constant unbalanced force)

29
Q

State Newtons third law

A

For every action there is an equal but oppositie reaction force.

30
Q

Relationship for unbalanced force

A

F = ma
F = Unbalanced force measured in Newton (N)
m = mass measured in kilograms (kg)
a = acceleration measured in metres per second per second (ms^-2)

31
Q

Relationship for weight

A

W = mg
W = weight measured in Newtons (N)
m = mass measured in kilograms (kg)
g = gravitational field strength measured in newtons per kilogram (Nkg ^-1)
(9.8 Nkg^-1 on earth, otherwise stated in question or in data booklet)

32
Q

Relationship for work done

A

Ew = Fd
Ew = work done measured in Joules (J)
F = force applied measured in Newtons (N0
d = distance measured in metres (m)

33
Q

What happens to air resistance on a falling objhect

A

The air resistance increases with speed. Once the air resistance on an object is large enough to balance the downward force of weight the object will fall with a constant speed. this is called the terminal velocity.

34
Q

What does the reading on a mass scale tell us

A

reading on scale = reaction force upwards.

35
Q

If lifts are stationary or moving with a constant velocity…

A

Reaction force = Weight

36
Q

If lifts are accelerating upwards or decelerating downwards…

A

Reaction force = Weight + unbalanced force

37
Q

If lifts are accelerating downwards or decelerating upwards

A

Reactilon force = Weight - unbalanced force.

38
Q

How do you find acceleration of a whole joint system where friction can be ignored

A

Tensions cancel out. Put unbalanced force and total mass in F=ma to find a.

39
Q

How do you find the tension of an individual towed object where friction can be ignored.

A

Use F=ma to find unbalanced force on the object (note that if the link is pulling multiple objects all masses have to be considered)

40
Q

What must you do when towed objects have friction

A

the calculated tension (unbalanced force) must be added to the frictional force acting on the object.

41
Q

How do you calculate a resultant force

A

create a right angle triangle and use pythagoras to figure out the magnitude and trignometry (sohcahtoa) to find the direction.

42
Q

How do you resolve vector components

A

Resolve into two perpendicular components, usually vertical and horizontal.

Trigonometry can be used to find the magnitude of each component.

43
Q

What direction does friction act in (on a slope)

A

Friction always acts in the opposite direction to motion on a slope

44
Q

Formula for parallel weight

A

W(parallel) = mgsin0
W = weight measured in Newtons (N)
m = mass measured in kilograms (kg)
g = gravitational field strength measured in newtons per kilogram (Nkg^-1)
0 = angle of slope.

45
Q

Formula for perpendicular weight

A

W(perpendicular) = mgcos0
W = weight measured in Newtons (N)
m = mass measured in kilograms (kg)
g = gravitational field strength measured in Newtons per kilogram (Nkg^-1)
0 = angle of slope.

46
Q

How do you find unbalanced force going down a slope

A

Unbalanced force: mgsin0 - friction

47
Q

State the law of conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred from one form to another.

48
Q

Formula for kinetic energy

A

Ek = 1/2mv^2
Ek = kinetic energy measured in Joules (J)
m = mass measured in kilograms (kg)
v = velocity measured in metres per second (ms^-1)

49
Q

Formula for gravitational potential energy

A

Ep = mgh
Ep = gravitational potential energy measured in joules (J)
m = mass measured in kilograms (kg)
g = gravitational field strength measured in newtons per kilogram (Nkg^-1)
h = height measured in metres (m)

50
Q

Formula for power

A

P = E/t
P = power measured in Watts (W)
E = energy measured in joules (J)
t = time measured in seconds (s)

51
Q

Formula for momentum

A

p =mv
p = momentum measured in kilograms per metres per second (kgms^-1)
m = mass measured in kilograms (kg)
v = velocity measuerd in metres per second (ms^-1)

52
Q

What are the two types of collision

A

Elastic collision
Inelastic collision

53
Q

State the law of conservation of momentum

A

The total momentum of a system does not change in a collision or explosion in the absence of external forces.

54
Q

the direction of momentum is always the same as

A

the direction of velocity.

55
Q

What happens to momentum and kinetic energy in an inelastic collision

A

Total momentum is conserved
Kinetic energy decreases

56
Q

What happens to momentum and kinetic energy in an elastic collision

A

Total momentum is conserved
Kinetic energy is conserved

57
Q

Formulae for momentum questions

A

(m1+m2)u = m1v1+m2v2
(m1+m2)v = m1u1+m2u2
m1u1+m2u2 = m1v1+m2v2

58
Q

What is impulse

A

change in momentum

59
Q

Formula for impulse

A

Ft = mv - mu

F = (mv-mu)/t

60
Q

What are the units of impulse

A

Ns or kgms^-1

61
Q

How do you find impulse from a graph

A

Calculate the area under a force time graph (impulse is equal to Ft)

62
Q
A

Higher physics (4 decks)

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