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CfE Higher Physics > ODU > Flashcards

ODU Flashcards

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1
Q

State the definition of acceleration

A

acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

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2
Q

the gradient of an s-t graph gives…

A

velocity

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3
Q

the gradient of a v-t graph gives…

A

acceleration

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4
Q

the area under a v-t graph gives…

A

displacement

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5
Q

the area under an a-t graph gives…

A

velocity

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6
Q

how do you know that the vector on a motion-time graph has started acting in the opposite direction?

A

The graph crosses the time axis

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7
Q

explain satellite motion

A

the satellite is in freefall around a planet. It follows a circular path because it has a constant velocity at a tangent to the planet and a constant acceleration towards the planet. The projectile does not it the planet because it has velocity at a tangent to the planet’s surface.

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8
Q

Projectiles have constant horizontal ________ and constant vertical ________ in the absence of friction

A

Projectiles have constant horizontal velocity and constant vertical acceleration in the absence of friction

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9
Q

Always consider _______ and ________ components separately

A

Always consider horizontal and vertical (i.e. perpendicular) components separately

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10
Q

state newton’s first law

A

newton’s first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

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11
Q

State a corollary of newton’s first law (just checking you know the implications of newton 1)

A

an object will accelerate when acted upon by an unbalanced force

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12
Q

state what is meant by the phrase “balanced forces”

A

forces have the same size but opposite direction (i.e. there is no net force on an object)

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13
Q

state newton’s second law

A

the vector sum of forces on an object is equal to the product of the mass and acceleration of an object i.e. ΣF = ma

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14
Q

State newton’s third law

A

Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force. Remember: The action and reaction force act on different objects. Newton 3 applies to interaction between objects

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15
Q

state what is meant by “friction”

A

Friction is a force which opposes the motion of an object

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16
Q

state what is meant by “tension”

A

Tension is a force which is transmitted from one object to another via a coupling. It acts in opposite directions on each object

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17
Q

State what is meant by “terminal velocity”

A

terminal velocity is the maximum velocity of an object in freefall when friction is taken into account. It happens when weight = -friction

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18
Q

What does the reading on a scale calibrated in newtons tell you?

A

the normal reaction force

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19
Q

Explain why the reading on a scale changes when in a lift

A

w = mg acts downwards and doesn’t change. N is the normal reaction force. This changes depending on the acceleration of the lift: ΣF = ma => N-mg = ma. The scales show N.

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20
Q

State the equation for calculating the component of an object’s weight acting down a slope

A

mgsin(θ)

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21
Q

State the equation for calculating the component of an object’s weight perpendicular to a slope

A

mgcos(θ)

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22
Q

State the law of conservation of momentum

A

The total momentum before a collision/explosion is equal to the total momentum after a collision/explosion in the absence of external forces

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23
Q

State what is meant by the term “elastic collision”

A

Both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved

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24
Q

State what is meant by the term “inelastic collision”

A

Momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not

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25
Q

How is impulse calculated from a force-time graph?

A

By finding the area under the graph

26
Q

State two equations for impulse

A

Impulse = Ft and Impulse = mv - mu

27
Q

Explain how the force of an impact can be reduced

A

By increasing the time of the collision i.e. increasing t in F = (mv - mu)/t. t goes up, F goes down

28
Q

When calculating the force of gravitational attraction between two masses, between where is their separation measured?

A

The centres of the masses

29
Q

State Einstein’s postulates

A
  1. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames. 2. The speed of light is constant in all inertial reference frames and independent of the motion of its source
30
Q

State what is meant by the term “time dilation”

A

Time dilation is the increase in time for an event occurring in a moving frame as measured by a stationary observer. t’ = dilated time

31
Q

Identify the symbols t, t’, l and l’

A

t=proper time, t’=dilated time, l=proper length, l’=contracted length

32
Q

Describe the Doppler Effect

A

The frequency of sound emitted by a moving source is observed to increase when it approaches an observer and fall as it moves away

33
Q

Explain the Doppler Effect

A

Frequency increases on approach because the source catches up with the sound it is emitting, meaning that the wave peaks are closer together and the frequency increases. Frequency decreases as the source moves away because the source moves away from the sound it emits, stretching the wave peaks apart and decreasing its frequency.

34
Q

In the equation for Doppler Effect, do you use a + sign when the source is coming towards you or moving away from you?

A

Moving away. Putting a + sign makes the denominator bigger and therefore the observed frequency smaller, which happens when the source moves away from the observer.

35
Q

When a source of sound waves is moving towards you, do you observe a higher or lower frequency?

A

Higher because the waves become bunched up and the frequency increases

36
Q

State 4 pieces of evidence to support the Big Bang theory and universal expansion.

A

CMBR, the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium, the darkness of the night sky, the large number of galaxies showing redshift rather than blueshift

37
Q

How can the mass of a galaxy be estimated?

A

By measuring the orbital velocity of stars and using newton’s law of gravitation

38
Q

Why does the high orbital velocity of stars near the edges of galaxies provide evidence for the existence of dark matter?

A

The orbital velocities of stars within a galaxy does not reduce as one might expect, rather it increases the eventually levels off. This suggests that there is matter which we cannot see located at the outer edges of a galaxy

39
Q

State one piece of evidence for the existence of dark matter

A

The orbital velocities of stars within a galaxy is larger than expected due to all visible matter. This leads us to calculate the masses of galaxies which are much larger than can be accounted for by visible matter and suggests the existence an some unseen, dark matter.

40
Q

State one piece of evidence for the existence of dark energy

A

The accelerating rate of expansion of the universe

41
Q

As the temperature of a star increases, what happens to the peak wavelength at which it emits light?

A

It gets shorter

42
Q

Which object will emit more radiation per unit surface area per unit time: a hot one or a cold one?

A

A hot one

43
Q

How does the distribution of radiation emitted by a star change as its temperature increases?

A

Hotter objects emit more radiation at all wavelengths than colder ones and the peak wavelength at which they emit radiation decreases

44
Q

What is an order of magnitude?

A

It is a power of 10

45
Q

State what is meant by the term “fermion”

A

A fermion is a matter particle

46
Q

State what is meant by the term “boson”

A

A boson is a force mediating particle

47
Q

Quarks are ______

A

fermions (i.e. matter particles)

48
Q

Leptons are ________

A

fermions (i.e. matter particles)

49
Q

List the 6 quarks

A

Up down strange charm top bottom

50
Q

List the 6 leptons

A

electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino

51
Q

List the 4 force mediating particles and their associated force

A

Photon (electromagnetic force), Z & W+- bosons (weak force), gluon (strong force)

52
Q

Which force is missing from the Standard Model

A

Gravity

53
Q

What is the standard model?

A

A model of fundamental particles and their interactions

54
Q

What are hadrons made up of?

A

Hadrons are composite particles made of quarks

55
Q

Baryons are a type of ________ and they are therefore made-up of ________

A

hadron, quarks

56
Q

Mesons are a type of ________ and they are therefore made-up of ________

A

hadron, quarks

57
Q

Baryons are made of _______ quarks

A

3

58
Q

Mesons are made of…

A

a quark-antiquark pair

59
Q

Describe beta decay and how it is evidence for the existence of the neutrino

A

beta decay is when a neutron turns into a proton, electron and an anti electron neutrino. The mass after beta decay was much smaller than could be accounted for by mass-energy conversion and pointed to the existence of a new particle, the neutrino

60
Q

State what is meant by “anti-matter”

A

Every particle in the standard model has a corresponding anti-particle, identical in every way except charge. These particles are called “anti-matter”.

61
Q

State one piece of evidence for the existence of antimatter.

A

When matter meets antimatter they annihilate

CfE Higher Physics (3 decks)

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