Odisha (Coasts) Flashcards
Where is Odisha located
Odisha is a state on India’s south-east coast. It is along the Bay of Bengal.
How long is the Odisha coastline
it is 480 km
What opportunities does the Odisha coast have for energy development
There’s huge potential for offshore wind, wave, and tidal power
There are also offshore gas and oil reserves
What opportunities does the Odisha coast have for mineral development
35% of the coast has deposits of heavy metals and sedimentary materials such as limestone.
There is also the opportunity for offshore seabed mining
What opportunities does the Odisha coast have for food production
many people are employed in fishing and aquaculture due to the large stocks of fish and sea plants.
How much of the Odisha coast is protected by hard engineering
9.8 km (out of 480 km)
What percent of the Odisha coast is accreting (gaining) sediment. Which areas is this happening in
45% of the coast.
It is occurring mainly in the major deltas found in the north (such as the Mahanadi Delta)
What are the risks for human occupation and development along the Odisha coast
There are risks from storm surges, tropical storms, and tsunamis.
Any hard engineering strategies may shift erosion down drift and threaten sensitive habitats (like salt marshes).
Upstream HEP projects reduce sediment flow from rivers.
What percent of the coast is eroding in Odisha and where is most of this erosion found
37% is eroding
The erosion is focused mainly in the south. Much of this area has hard engineering defences in place to protect infrastructure.
What percent of the coast is stable in Odisha
14 %
How does the dense mangrove vegetation in Bhadrak impact accretion rates
The mangroves drive accretion to be >= 50% higher than anywhere else along the coast
How do erosion and accretion rates vary seasonally in Odisha
variations in wave energy and river flow cause greater accretion in summer and greater erosion in winter.
What risks are presented by tropical storms.
Which groups form the ICZM
- The Government of Odisha
- The World Bank
- The Ministry of the Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (Indian Govt)
what does ICZM stand for
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
When did the ICZM begin
2010
How much of the coast does the ICZM encompass?
the ICZM is 196 km long
How has the ICZM reduced dependence on the depleting marine resources. How many people has this impacted?
Financial aid has been granted to set up alternative practices such as poultry farming
It has impacted 7,500 families
How does reducing dependence on depleting marine resources help the population of Odisha?
It makes the people more economically secure (since they’re less vulnerable to loss of fish stock) and less vulnerable to climate change impacting their livelihood.
How much money was raised to reduce dependence on depleting marine resources (in rupees and GBP)?
8 crore, 35 lakh, 39,311 rupees (83.5 million rupees)
£ 797,100 (can round to £800k)
Where has the development of ecotourism been centered in Odisha? how many sites?
it is centered at 6 different sites around Chilika Lake
How has the development of ecotourism in Odisha impacted the local community?
There’s been a roughly 55% rise in employment and income for the beneficiaries
How has the number of people visiting the ecotourism sites changed due to the ICZM’s developments
There’s been an increase of 30%
How many cyclone shelters have been built by the ICZM?
14
Name one city which has had cyclone shelters built by the ICZM. Whereabouts is this city?
Puri, near to Chilika Lake
How many people can each individual cyclone shelter accommodate
1,000 or perhaps 14,000 i will have to check later
what else can the cyclone shelters be used for?
They can be used as classrooms and for vaccination programs
How many hectares of mangroves have been planted by the ICZM?
323 Ha
What are the two purposes of the planted mangroves in Odisha?
To conserve biodiversity
To act as a shelterbelt for the coast
Which two species has the ICZM introduced protections for?
Olive Ridley Turtles
Estuarine Crocodiles
What defences have been installed by the ICZM?
How many people has this benefitted?
505 metres of geotextile embankments (soft engineering)
41,222 people benefit from this
How has the ICZM’s soft engineering defences against beach erosion benefit farmers?
6,900 Ha of productive farmland is now protected from saltwater intrusion
How did the mangroves influence the effects of the 1999 Cyclone Kalina?
villages behind >= 4km of mangroves saw 0 deaths. Those behind 3km of mangroves saw a sharp rise in death toll
How does the ICZM support sustainable development in the area?
it provides long term protection against hazard events and erosion through the use of mangroves.
It promotes economic activities that aid growth while moving away from the traditional unsustainable activities like shrimp aquaculture and fishing
How effective is the ICZM on a spatial scale?
From a spatial perspective, relatively low. It only covers 196 / 480 km (40%). This leaves some areas excluded from the benefits while also meaning that those areas may conduct practices that harm down drift ICZM areas.
How do mangroves aid in protecting and preventing floods?
the mangroves accrete sediment in their roots as they grow. This accretion hastens during floods as the water rises higher. Eventually a layer of sediment will build up that acts as a natural flood embankment defence.
How effective will the ICZM be on a temporal scale
The ICZM will likely be quite effective in the long term as it makes use of natural processes (mangroves) to defend against natural hazards (cyclones, floods) as they naturally would.
