OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY

Question 1

They are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye, administered inside, and adjacent.

Answer 1

Ophthalmic preparation

Question 2

Most commonly employed ophthalmic dosage forms

Answer 2

Solutions, suspensions, and ointments

Question 3

Newest dosage forms for ophthalmic drug delivery

Answer 3

Gels, gel-forming solutions, ocular inserts, intravitreal injections, and implants

Question 4

Drugs used in the eye:

Answer 4

Miotics
Mydriatics
Cycloplegic
Anti-inflammatories
Anti-infectives
Anti-glaucoma
Anesthetics
Adjuncts

Question 5

General safety considerations:

Answer 5

Sterility
Ocular toxicity and irritation
Preservation and preservatives

Question 6

Normal autoclaving temp

Answer 6

121 degrees for 20-30 min.

Question 7

Methods for sterilization

Answer 7

Sterile membrane filtration under aseptic conditions but not suitable for suspension
Sterilization by autoclaving in the final packaging but not suitable for heat labile drugs and plastic containers
Gas, as ethylene oxide or ionizing radiations as gamma ray

Question 8

Used to test the ocular toxicity and irritation of ophthalmic formulations

Answer 8

Albino rabbits

Question 9

Organism that grow in the cornea and can cause blindness

Answer 9

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 10

Should be used throughout the manufacturing area

Answer 10

Laminar-flow

Question 11

Characteristics in optimizing ocular drug delivery system

Answer 11

Good corneal penetration
Prolong contact time with corneal tissue
Simplicity of instillation for the patient
Non irriatative and comfortable form
Appropriate rheological properties

Question 12

Classifications of ODDS

Answer 12

Liquid
Semisolid
Solid
Intraocular dosage forms

Question 13

Functions of inactive ingredients in ophthalmic sol. and susp.

Answer 13

Tonicity and tonicity-adjusting agents
PH adjustment and buffers
Stabilizers and antioxidants
Surfactants
Viscosity-imparting agents
Vehicles

Question 14

Every product would be buffered to a pH of

Answer 14

7.4

Question 15

Ingredients added to a formula to decrease the rate of decomposition of the active ingredients

Answer 15

Stabilizers

Question 16

Principle stabilizers added to some ophthalmic solutions

Answer 16

Antioxidants

Question 17

Used in concentration up to 0.3% in epinephrine hydrochloride

Answer 17

Sodium bisulfite

Question 18

Order of surfactant toxicity

Answer 18

Anionic> cationic> nonionic

Question 19

Used as vehicle for several topical eye drop products

Answer 19

Oils

Question 20

Ointment vehicles used in ophthalmology is a mixture of

Answer 20

Mineral oil and petroleum base

Question 21

sterile solid or semisolid preparations, with a thin, flexible, and multilayered structure

Answer 21

Ophthalmic inserts

Question 22

Advantages of ocuserts

Answer 22

Increasing contact time and improving bioavailability.
Providing a prolong drug release
Reduction of adverse effects
Reduction of the number administrations

Question 23

A multilayered structure consisting of a drug containing core surrounded on each side by a layer of copolymer membrane

Answer 23

Insoluble insert

Question 24

Consists of all monolytic polymeric devices that at the end of their release, the device dissolve

Answer 24

Soluble inserts

Question 25

A sterile ophthalmic insert use in the treatment of dry eye syndrome

Answer 25

Lacrisert

Question 26

Penetration across sclera and conjunctiva intro intra ocular tissues

Answer 26

Non-corneal absorption

Question 27

Transport between corneal epithelium and stroma

Answer 27

Corneal absorption

Question 28

Selected types of OCDDS

Answer 28

Aqueous eye drops Oily eye drops Eye ointments Eye lotions Paper strips Ocular inserts Ophthalmic rods Collagen shields Hydro gel contact lenses

Question 29

Sterile preparation that prolong residence time of drug with a controlled release manner

Answer 29

Ocusert

Question 30

Biocompatible and biodegradable lipid vesicles made up of natural lipis

Answer 30

Liposomes

Question 31

Nonionic surfactant vesicles that have potential applications in the delivery of hydrophobic or amphiphilic drugs

Answer 31

Niosomes

Question 32

May act as potential drug delivery carriers as they released drug in a sustained manner at the ocular site

Answer 32

Discomes

Question 33

Pure drug vesicles formed by amphiphilic drugs

Answer 33

Pharmacosomes

Question 34

For chronic ocular dse. such as cytomegalovirus retinitis

Answer 34

Implants

Question 35

Direct current drives ions into cells or tissues.

Answer 35

Lontophoresis

Question 36

Successfully used for different routes of drug administration

Answer 36

Dendrimer

Question 37

Dispersion of water and oil stabilized using surfactant and co-surfactant

Answer 37

Microemulsion

Question 38

Prescription formatting

Answer 38

Heading Body Closing

Question 39

Heading

Question 40

Body

Question 41

Closing

Question 42

An act regulating the practice of optometry, upgrading optometric education, integrating optometrists, and for other purpose

Answer 42

RA 8050- revised optometry law

Question 43

An act regulating and modernizing the practice of pharmacy in the PH

Answer 43

RA 10918- Pharmacy Law

Question 44

An act to promote, require, and ensure production of an adequate supply, acceptance of the drugs

Answer 44

RA 6675

Question 45

Act instituting the comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2022, repealing republic act no. 6425

Answer 45

RA 9165

Question 46

An act strengthening and rationalizing the regulatory capacity of BFAD

Answer 46

Ra 9711

Question 47

Act prohibiting counterfeit drugs

Answer 47

RA 8203

Question 48

An act maximizing the contribution of senior citizens

Answer 48

RA 7432