Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm > Ocular Pharm > Flashcards

Ocular Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 things in anterior segment of the eye

A
  1. lens
  2. ciliary body
  3. cornea
  4. iris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the cornea (4 characteristics)

A
  1. tough
  2. transparent
  3. avascular
  4. dome shaped
    (covers front of the eye)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the iris (3)

A
  1. pigmented tissue

2. allows light rays through the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What controls the pupillary aperture?

A

iris dilator and sphincter muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lens description?

A

pliant bag of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the lens work?

A

changes thickness and in doing so alters the focal point of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is lens thickness controlled?

A

muscular fibers within the ciliary body put tension on the zonules that connect the lens to the ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is the lens imp in accommodation?

A

b/c ability to change focal point is intrinsic in accommodation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is aqueous produced?

A

ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of AQUEOUS?

A

source of nutrition for cornea, lens and trabecular meshwork.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does aqueous cause glaucoma?

A
  1. aqueous production must match riddance

2. when aqueous builds up in anterior chamber, increased pressure affects optic nerve and glaucoma develops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does aqueous leave?

A

through the trabecular meshwork on edge of anterior chamber. drained through collector channels before leaving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Angle closure glaucoma: formation?

A

bowing forward of the iris prevents aqueous from draining into the trabecular meshwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Test for predisposition to angle closure glaucoma?

A

shine light on temporal side of eye. If both the temporal and nasal iris light up similarly, pt ok. If the nasal portion has shadow, predisposed to developing angle closure glaucoma (anterior chamber shallow bc iris bowed out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 things involved in accommodation?

A
  1. convergence of eyes
  2. pupillary constriction
  3. thickening of the lens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Accommodation but pupil doesn’t constrict…3 conditions?

A
  1. Argyll Robertson-Tertiary syphilis
  2. Adie Syndrome- damaged ciliary ganglion
  3. Parinaud’s Syndrome- pineal tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parasympathetic innervates what in the eye?

A
  1. iris sphincter muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parasympa innervation in the eye: what blocks muscarinic receptors vs. nicotinic?

A
  1. muscarinic blockade=atropine

2. nicotinic blockade=d-tubocurarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Location of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the eye?

A

muscarinic-on ciliary muscle and iris

nicotinic-on extraocular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Preganglionic para problem: 3 on the differential?

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Ischemic infarct
  3. compression of nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

POSTGANGLIONIC para problem: 3 on differential?

A
  1. Adie’s syndrome
  2. pharm blockade
  3. acute glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurotransmitter: Ach
Receptor: Muscarinic
Location of these receptors in eye and specific function?

A
  1. iris sphincter: CONSTRICT PUPIL
  2. circular fibers of ciliary muscle: CONSTRICT PUPIL
  3. longitudinal fibers of ciliary muscle: TENSION ON TRABECULAR MESHWORK
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DIRECT MUSCARINIC AGONISTS OF THE EYE (4)

A
  1. Ach
  2. Methacholine
  3. Pilocarpine
  4. Carbachol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

FUNCTION OF DIRECT MUSCARINIC AGONISTS in the eye?

A
  1. pupillary constriction

2. increase aqueous flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CONDITIONS muscarinic agonists used to treat/used in?

A
  1. cataract surgery

2. glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS OF THE EYE IN ORDER OF BEST FOR MYDRIASIS AND CYCLOPEGIA(paralysis of ciliary muscle) ? (5)

A
  1. Tropicamide (recovery 1/4 day)
  2. Cyclopentolate
  3. Homatropine
  4. scopolamine
  5. Atropine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nicotinic agonist? Only 1 in opthamology

A

Edrophonium (Achesterase inhibitor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM: 1 order neurons

A

fibers coming down from hypothalamus to the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

SYMPA: 2 order neurons

A

after synapse of first order in spinal cord, ascend with paravertebral sympa chain to superior cervical ganglion

30
Q

SYMPA: 3 order neurons

A

after synapsing now third order neurons run with carotid plexus and join V1 (opthal division of CN5). Fibers pass with 1. nasociliary nerve and 2. long ciliary nerve to reach the ciliary body and dilator muscle of the iris.

31
Q

REVIEW SYMPA RECEPTORS

A
  1. alpha 1: smooth muscle contraction
  2. alpha 2: feedback inhibition of presynaptic sympa
  3. beta 1: increase heart rate
  4. beta 2: smooth muscle and bronchi dilation
32
Q

ocular receptor functions?

A
  1. Iris dilator muscle- dilate pupil
  2. superior palpebral muscle of Mueller-lifts eyelid
  3. ciliary epithelium- aqueous production
  4. trabecular meshwork- aqueous outflow
  5. ocular smooth muscle blood vessel-dilates blood vessels
33
Q

DIRECT SYMPA AGONISTS (6)

A
  1. Phenylephrine
  2. clonidine
  3. apraclonidine
  4. L-epinephrine
  5. Dipivalyl epinephrine
  6. Bromondine Tartrate
34
Q

phenylephrine?

A

alpha 1-pupil dilation

35
Q

L-epinephrine?

A

alpha and beta

36
Q

Dipivalyl epinephrine?

A

pro-drug of epinephrine

37
Q

Clonidine?

A

alpha adrenergic agonist

lowers intraocular pressure through CNS effects

38
Q

Apraclonidine

A 
alpha agonist
(derivative of clonidine that does not cross the BBB, has minimal effect on systemic BP)
39
Q

Bromondine tartrate

A

selective alpha 2 agonist

suppresses aqueous humor production

40
Q

INDIRECT NE AGONISTS? (2)

A
  1. COCAINE- prevents NE re-uptake

2. hydroxyamphetamine- releases NE

41
Q

NE ANTAGONISTS? (6)

A
  1. Dapiprazole
  2. Timolol
  3. Betaxolol
  4. Carteolol
  5. Levobunolol
  6. Metipranolol
42
Q

DAPIPRAZOLE?

A
  1. Reverses action of Tropicamide and Phenylephrine

2. Blocks alpha adrenergic receptor in smooth dilator muscle of iris

43
Q

TIMOLOL

A

non-specific beta 1 and 2 blocker

44
Q

Betaxolol

A

beta 1 blocker

45
Q

Carteolol

A

non-specific beta 1 and 2 blocker

46
Q

Levobunolol

A

beta 2 blocker

47
Q

Metipranolol

A
  1. non-selective beta 1 and 2 blocker
  2. no significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
  3. weak membrane stabilizing activity
  4. weak myocardial depressant
48
Q

Glaucoma Treatment: 3 ways to Rx increased intraocular pressure?

A
  1. Increase aqueous outflow by dilating episcleral vessels (Epi)
  2. Decrease aqueous production (beta blockers)
  3. Increase aqueous outflow through trabecular meshwork (Ach agonists)
49
Q

Epinephrine compounds include?

A
  1. epinephrine borate
    2, epinephrine bitartrate
  2. prodrug DPE
50
Q

Beta blockers that decrease aqueous production?

A
  1. Timolol
  2. Betaxolol
  3. Levobunalol
51
Q

parasympas?

A

pilocarpine, carbachol, echothiophate

52
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

treat glaucoma
reduce production of aqueous
affect Na transport in Na/K pump

53
Q

Oral carbonic anhydrases? Effective but lots of systemic SE

A
  1. acetazolamide
  2. methazolamide
  3. ethoxzolamide
54
Q

Topical carbonic anhydrases?

A
  1. brinzolamide
  2. dorzolamide hcl
    cause red eyes, lid allergies
55
Q

beta blocker timolol + dorzolamide?

A

Cosopt

2nd line for glaucoma

56
Q

Osmotic agents: function?

A

increase osmolarity by interfering with the passive transport of fluid into the ciliary body.
Increase intravascular volume, can cause heart failure so need to be montored closely. Only short periods of time.

57
Q

Osmotic agents examples?

A

Glycerol, sorbitol, (oral) mannitol and urea 9IV)

58
Q

Prostaglandins: 1st line therapy: MOA?

A

increase uveoscleral outflow w/o any effect on trabecular or aqueous flow.

59
Q

Prost examples: 4?

A
  1. Latanoprost
  2. Bimatoprost
  3. Travoprost
  4. Unoprostone isopryl
60
Q

Latanoprost

A
  1. most common, first
  2. stored in firdge
  3. can cause intraocular inflammation
  4. may exacerbate cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery
  5. cause eyelashes longer and change iris color (all prosts do this)
61
Q

Travoprost

A

most effective in african americans

62
Q

Unoprostone isopryl

A

least effective one

63
Q

Nifedipine

A

Ca channel blocker. effective in glaucoma treatment. doesn’t act on ciliary body or trabecular meshwork.

64
Q

First line treatments?

A
  1. Timolol
  2. Latanoprost
  3. Brimondine
  4. Dorzolamide
65
Q

Timolol

A
  1. beta blocker non-specific

2. CI in CHF, asthma, bradycardia over time can cause tachyphylaxis

66
Q

latanoprost

A
  1. prostaglandin
  2. eyelash and iris change
    CI in 3. cystoid macular edema &
  3. herpes
67
Q

Brimondine

A

alpha 2 agonist

CI in use with MAOI -cause faitgue/drowsiness, follicular conjunctivits

68
Q

Dorzolamide

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

allergies to sulfonamides

69
Q

Confirm Horner’s dx: with what?

A

Use cocaine. It will NOT cause pupillary dilatation with Horners

70
Q

Horner’s 1st, 2nd or, 3rd order? With what and how?

A
  1. Use Paradrine 1%.
  2. If 3rd nearon intact will dialte with Paredrine so signifies a 1st or 2nd order dysfunction=very serious
  3. If 3rd neuron not intact, no dilation with Paredrine so 3rd neauron prob=benign
71
Q

See lecture for cases****

A

indeed

Pharm (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions