Ocular Manifestations Of Ocular Disease Flashcards
What is the condition in dogs and cats that causes;
Fragile hyperextensible and easily torn skin
Abnormal limbus, corneal clouding, thin sclera, bilateral cataracts, lens luxation?
What test is done to diagnose this?
What is the inheritance?
Ehler’s Danlos Syndrome
Extensible index, extending skin fold over dorsal lumbar area maximally without inducing pain and dividing this figure by body length x100. If >14.5%, hyperextendable
Autosomal dominant
Which breed is affected by Chediak-Higashi?
What is the inheritance?
What are the clinical signs?
Persian
Autosomal recessive
Pale irides, retinal hypopigmentation, tapetal degeneration, cataracts, nystagmus
Which breed is affected by Keratoconjunctivits Sicca Ichthyosiform dermatosis (KCSID)?
What are the clinical signs?
What is the treatment?
What is the inheritance?
CKCS
Curly/rough coat from birth, scaly flanks + dorsum, alopecia, hyperkeratosis of footpads
KCS
Lubricants (lacrimostimulants don’t have much effect)
Autosomal recessive
Which breeds are affected by Oculo-Skeletal Dysplasia?
What is the inheritance?
What are the clinical signs?
Lab
Samoyed
Autosomal recessive
Retinal dysplasia, retinal detachment - blind
Short legged dwarfism
What is the primary cause of cataracts in dogs? Secondary?
Inherited
DM
What type of uveitis does a DM cataract cause?
What % of dogs with DM will get cataracts within 6months?
Phacolytic uveitis
75%
What ocular signs can DM cause?
Cataracts Endothelial cell loss Reduced corneal sensation Reduced STT Lower TFBUT (reduction in goblet cell densities) Conjunctival retinal dysplasia Retinal changes
What are the ocular signs of hyperadrenocorticism?
Corneal ulceration
Corneal calcification
KCS
What are the ocular signs of hypothyroidism?
KCS Hypertensive retinal changes Hyperlipidaemia Corneal arcus adjacent to the limbus Facial nerve paresis/ paralysis Peripheral/ Central vestibular disease
What are the ocular signs of hyperparathyroidism/ secondary nutritional hypoparathyroidism?
Cataracts (caused by hypocalcaemia
What can be a secondary ocular effect from hyperparathyroidism?
Fundic signs from hypertension
What deficiency does a milk replacer cause?
What does this cause?
Arginine
Cataract (spheroidal/ ring shaped)
What signs does taurine deficiency in cats cause?
Where is taurine found?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Feline central retinal degeneration
Inner and outer segments of photoreceptors
What causes thiamine deficiency in cats?
What is the pathognomonic sign?
What are the other signs?
Are the ocular signs reversible?a
Raw fish diet (contains thiaminases)
Or severe GI disease
Optic nerve head vascularisation
Progressive neuro signs Fixed dilated pupils Papilloedema Optic nerve head vascularisation (pathognomonic) Peripherally retinal haemorrhage
No
What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?
What is the cause?
What should be tested?
What accumulates?
Which breed has a familial trait?
Are the neuro signs reversible?
Are the optho signs reversible?
What is the difference with PRA?
Mottled tapetal fundus with Yellow-brown foci then hyper reflective centrally and vascular attenuation
Vision affected
Poor diet
Alpha tocopherol levels
Lipofuscin
English cocker spaniels
Neuro signs are reversible, optho signs are not
This doesn’t normally go to total blindness, PRA does
Which breeds (2) get zinc deficiency?
What are the clinical signs?
What is the difference with these signs and UVD?
Can this be reversed?
Is treatment lifelong?
Siberian husky
Alaskan malamute
Periocular alopecia, crusting, scaling
Zinc deficiency has crusting around the eyes which doesn’t happen in UVD
No uveitis with zinc deficiency
Yes
Yes
Which breeds are affected by uveodermatological syndrome (UVD)?
What are the signs?
What is the cause?
What is the treatment?
What can you see in histology?
Japanese Akita
Siberian husky
Samoyed
Vitiligo
Granulomatous anterior +/ posterior uveitis (can lead to retinal detachment)
Poliosis (lack of pigment) of periocular skin, lips, muzzle, nasal planum
Immune mediated
Topical and oral immunosuppressive steroids, ciclosporin
Topical atropine
Non prostaglandin analogue anti glaucoma drugs (brinzolamide) if increase in IOP
Melanin filled macrophages
What age and sized dogs are affected by granulomatous meningoencephalitis?
What does it cause histologically?
What are the signs?
What is the prognosis?
Young
Small breed
Perivascular cuffing with macrophages and lymphocytes in brain tissue
Sudden blindness
Papilloedema
Peripapillary haemorrhage
Retinal detachments
Poor
What are the clinical signs of canine juvenile cellulitis?
What is the treatment?
Granulomatous pustular dermatitis
Blepharitis
SMLNS lymphadenopathy
Lethargic
Anorexia
Pyrexia
Joint pain
Immunosuppressive therapy and ABs
What age does extraocular myosotis normally affect? Gender? Breed
How do you diagnose?
Treatment?
Recurrence?
<1yo
FE
Golden retrievers
Bilateral exophthalmos without TEL protrusion
360’ scleral show
Retraction of upper eyelids
Non painful
U/S thickened extraocular muscles
MRI
Immunosuppression, prednisolone +/- ciclosporin
Common
What are the clinical signs of masticatory myosotis?
What size dogs are predisposed?
Diagnosis?
Bilateral exophthalmos with TEL protrusion then Enophthalmos
Anorexia, pyrexia, pain opening mouth/ palpation of head.
Large breeds
Serum antibodies against 2M muscle fibres
Biopsy of muscle- plasma cells and lymphocytes
How do cats get bartonellosis?
What does it cause?
Is it in the uk
Flea Excrement
Anterior uveitis
Chorioretinitis
No
Is brucellosis in dogs seen in the uk?
No
What ocular sign does leptospirosis cause?
Uveitis
What are the clinical signs of tetanus?
What is tetanus?
What is the treatment?
Lockjaw Pulled back lips Wrinkled forehead Erect ears TEL protrusion Enophthalmos
Gram positive anaerobic spore forming bacillus
Penicillin
What are the ocular clinical signs of chlamydiosis?
Other systems affected?
Treatment?
Diagnosis?
Prevention?
*Chemosis* hyperaemia blepharospasm Serous followed by mucopurulent discharge Unilateral then bilateral NO CORNEAL LESIONS
Resp, GIT, genital signs
PCR
Vaccine
Topical tetracycline TID (ophtocycline) 1-2weeks
Oral doxy or amoxy clav for 3-4w
What ocular signs do mycobacteriosis cause?
Which form is normally seen with ocular signs, tuberculous or non tuberculous?
Granulomatous choroiditis
Subretinal haemorrhage
Retinal detachment
Non tuberculous
What does mycoplasmosis cause?
What is the treatment for mycoplasma?
What conditions can predispose to mycoplasma?
Feline conjunctivitis
Sens to many topicals and Oral doxy
FHV-1 or chlamydophila
What ocular signs can canine distemper cause?
Conjunctivitis
KCS
Optic neuritis
Chorioretinitis
What ocular signs can be seen in newborn puppies with canine herpes virus?
Adult dogs?
Keratitis
Panuveitis
Retinal necrosis
Optic neuritis
Corneal ulceration
What are the ocular signs of canine Adenovirus?
What can happen post vaccination of a modified live vaccs of adenovirus?
Severe anterior uveitis
Corneal oedema
BLUE EYES
Blue eye ~7d post infection;
Arthus reaction; antigen antibody complexes deposited on corneal endothelium disrupts the Na/K ATPase pumps, water accumulates in corneal stroma. Corneal oedema
What are the ocular signs of coronavirus/ FIP?
What is the treatment?
Anterior uveitis Chorioretinitis Perivascular cuffing Box carring of vessels from hyperviscosity changes KPs
Anti viral remdesivir
Which infection can cause Ophthalmia neonatorum in kittens?
What is ophthalmia neonatorum?
What is the treatment?
FHV-1
Infection before time of eyelid opening
Surgical opening of eyelids,
irrigation of cornea,
treating secondary bacterial infection
What is the pathognomonic sign for FHV-1?
Dendritic ulcer
Is ganciclovir 0.15% Vitocidal or virostatic?
Virostatic
What signs does feline calicivirus cause?
Conjunctivitis
Resp disease
Oral ulceration
Poly arthritis
Which infection causes a ‘snow storm’ appearance of inflammatory cells within the anterior vitreous?
FIV
Which infection causes a D shaped pupil?
FeLV
What are the clinical signs of feline panleukopaenia virus in kittens?
Cerebellar hypoplasia (hypermetria, ataxia) Retinal dysplasia
How is Feline Panleukopaenia Virus transmitted?
Direct contact, fomites, in utero
Which breed are predisposed to aspergillosis?
What are the clinical signs?
How is it transmitted?
German shepherd
Panuveitis, Chorioretinitis, retinal detachments, endopthalmitis
Via spores
What are the ocular clinical signs of toxoplasmosis?
What are the other clinical signs?
Diagnosis?
What is the treatment?
What is the definitive host?
Chorioretinitis
Uveitis - can recur even when toxo cleared
Optic neuritis
Pyrexic Anorexia Pneumonia Myosotis Hepatitis Neuro signs
Clindamycin for 28days
Testing IgM and IgG antibodies 2-4w apart (IgM rises then falls, IgG rises more slowly but stays higher for longer so May still be high even though not infected)
4 fold rise- infection present
Cats
What are the ocular signs of neospora?
What are the other Signs?
Diagnosis?
Prognosis
*Retinochoroiditis* Anterior uveitis Extraocular myosotis Horners syndrome Trigeminal neuropathy
Ascending paralysis
Hyperextension of hindlimbs
CSF PCR Tissue histology (v similar to toxo!)
Guarded
What are the ocular clinical signs of leishmaniasis?
What are the other signs?
What is the incubation history?
What is it transmitted by?
Anterior uveitis
Periocular dermatitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Cutaneous/ mucocutaneous and visceral signs
Emaciation
Weakness
Chronic non pruritic skin lesions
CRF
few months to 3-4years
Sandflies
Blood donation
Vertical and venereal transmission
What are the ocular signs of angiostrongylosis?
Where do mature parasites sit?
Treatment?
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Hyphaema
Severe granulomatous Uveitis (L3 larvae)
Pulmonary artery and right heart
Imacloprid/ moxidectin (advocate)
Pred forte, atropine, surgical removal of larvae in anterior chamber
How is toxocariasis (roundworm) normally transmitted?
What ocular signs can it cause?
Placenta/ milk/ ingestion of eggs/ host (rodents)
Retinal degeneration
What can enrofloxacin cause?
Irreversible retinal degeneration in cats,
Tapetal hyperreflectivity
Blindness and mydriasis
What ocular signs can ivermectin cause?
Which gene can make collies predisposed?
Recovery?
Absent menace responses
Mydriasis
Variable PLR
Vision loss (+/- retinal changes)
Neuro signs
MDR1
Most recover within 2-10days and get vision back
What can sulphonamides cause?
KCS
What is the most common cause of hypertension in dogs?
Renal disease
What is the most common cause of hypertension in cats?
Renal disease
What is the mechanism of hypertension to the eye in cats?
What is the first line treatment for hypertension in cats?
What are other treatments?
Can vision return?
Amlodopine
Telmisartan (semintra)
Ace inhibitor benazepril
Yes if treated swiftly (within a week)
What causes hyperviscosity syndrome?
What are the ocular Signs?
Elevated serum protein levels Monoclonal gammopathy/ Polycythaemia Neoplasia Erlichiosis FIP
Sausage like appearance to retinal vessels
Aneurysms
Retinal/ vitreal haemorrhage
Retinal detachments
Which dog breed is predisposed to hyperlipidaemia?
What can this cause do to the retinal vessels?
Miniature schnauzer
Pale pink engorged vessels
What are the ocular signs of dysautonomia?
Dilated non responsive pupils
Protrusion of TEL
Decreased tear production
Which breed are affected by systemic histiocytosis?
What are the ocular clinical signs?
Other clinical signs?
What is the cause?
What should this be differentiated from?
Bernese mountain dog
Eyelid masses
Episcleral nodules
Anterior/ posterior uveitis
Anorexia
Depression
Weight loss
Cutaneous and Nasal infiltration and depigmentation
Immune mediated
Malignant histiocytosis
In DM what pathway is up regulated because of the increase of glucose in the lens via the aqueous humour?
Via which enzyme?
Sorbitol pathway
Aldose reductase
What is this?
Arcus lipoides
What is this?
What condition could it indicate?
Arcus lipoides
Hypothyroidism
What are the first signs of canine distemper virus?
Then?
Conjunctivitis
KCS
Optic neuritis +/- encephalomyelitis
Chorioretinitis
Uveitis seen rarely
Where does herpes virus remain in a latent state?
Trigeminal ganglion
What are the main signs of primary infection of FHV-1?
Acute conjunctivitis
Rhinotracheitis
Bilateral
Can lead to symblepharon, can block tear duct
What is stromal keratitis in FHV-1?
What does it cause?
Immune mediated process directed at viral antigen within the corneal stroma
Neovascularisation
Inflammatory cellular infiltrate
Corneal fibrosis
Which is the best test for FHV-1 (highest sensitivity and specificity)?
PCR
Famciclovir is converted to what in GIT?
What condition should it be avoided in?
Penciclovir
Renally compromised cats
What are the ocular signs of FIV?
Anterior uveitis Intermediate uveitis (pars planitis)
What is this (looks like banks of snow behind the lens?)?
Pars planitis
Normally around the periphery
What are the signs of FeLV?
D shaped pupil
Uveitis
Effects on haemopoietic system; anaemia, hyphaema, retinal haemorrhages
Are cats more likely to have retinal dysplasia or Chorioretinitis?
Chorioretinitis (especially if anterior uveitis)
Retinal dysplasia v uncommon in cats!
What signs do erlichia cause?
Diagnosis?
Treatment?
Pyrexia
Anorexia
Lethargy
Lymphadenopathy
Chronic- thrombocytopenia, monoclonal gammopathy -> hyperviscosity syndrome
Conjunctival hyperaemia Anterior uveitis Chorioretinitis Retinal haemorrhage Optic neuritis
think bleeding
Serology for E canis antibodies
PCR on whole blood
Doxy 5mg/kg BID for at least 2-3w
Which 2 infectious conditions can cause hyperviscosity syndrome?
FIP
Erlichia
What can fungal disease cause?
How do animals get aspergillosis?
Keratitis
Anterior uveitis
Chorioretinitis
Inhales spores
If you have an ulcer with a ‘cake icing’ appearance on it and was vv painful what infection would be involved?
Aspergillosis
How can you tell haemorrhage from pigment on the retina?
Use red free light, GREEN LIGHT,
Pigment will stay brown, haemorrhage will go black
If hyperlipidaemia associated with elevated cholesterol (rather than triglycerides) what are you likely to get?
If you have high triglycerides what are you likely to get?
Corneal lipidosis
Lipaemic aqueous
Which breed of cat has a familial hyperlipidaemia?
Burmese
Which condition is optic nerve head vascularisation pathopneumonic for?
Thiamine deficiency
What does excessive raw fish cause a deficiency in?
Thiamine
Which one protects photoreceptors from light and chemical damage? Thiamine Taurine Vitamin E Zinc
Taurine
