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Ophthalmology (all species) > Ocular disease small ruminants > Flashcards

Ocular disease small ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Small ruminant orbit type

A

Enclosed

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2
Q

What enzyme do small ruminants have in their tears that cattle don’t

A

Lysozyme

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3
Q

GLobe and cornea shape

A

Globe is sphercal
Corneal is elliptical

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4
Q

How will a small ruminant move in they have unilateral blindness

A

Will turn head to side to see forward using contralateral eye

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves does the menace response evaluate

A

Optic nerve (II)
Facial nerve (VII)

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6
Q

What nerves does the palpebral reflex evaluate

A

Trigeminal (IV)
Facial (VII)

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7
Q

Pupillary light reflex what nerves/areas

A

Needs functioning retina, optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III) and midbrain

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8
Q

What is the PLR like in cortically blind animals

A

Normal

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9
Q

Which reflex may be missing in <2 week old lambs/kids due to being acquired

A

Menace

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10
Q

Distichiasis vs trichiasis

A

Distichiasis = double set of eyelashes
Trichiasis = eyelashes rubbing on cornea/ingrowing

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11
Q

How do we examine the nictitating membrane for foreign bodies

A

Pull lower eyelid down and retropulse the globe

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12
Q

What should we use to flush the eye and what might we use if before surgery

A

Sterile saline
If before surgery can use povidine iodine (NOT CHLORHEXIDINE)

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13
Q

What procedures can be done to act like a /bandage’ over corneal ulcer to air healing

A

Third eyelid flap
Tarsorrhaphy

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14
Q

What does tarsorrhaphy mean

A

Closing together part of the two eyelids to keep part of eye shut

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15
Q

How does primary/congenital entropion present

A

Just lower eyelid affected
Bilateral usually

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16
Q

WHat can lead to acquired/secondary entropion and how does it present

A

Presents unilateral usually; can be upper or lower eyelid

E.g from trauma, microphthalmia, severe dehydration, loss of retrobulbar fat, painful eye conditions that cause retraction of eye

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17
Q

three non-surgical ways to correct entropion

A
  1. INjection of irritant locally to cause fibrosis e.g penicillin
  2. Application of haemostat to cause irritation
  3. Non-absorbable vertical mattress suture placement
18
Q

When would we consider surgical correction of entropion

A

Non-surgical methods haven’t worked
Animal is at least 4-6 months old; time for facial maturity to potentially correct issue

19
Q

Is entropion heritable

A

Yes but unclear how
Don’t use these animals for breeding

20
Q

What can cause ectropion

A

Iatrogenic overcorrection of entropion
Trauma

21
Q

How would we surgically correct ectropion

A

V to Y blepharoplasty or eyelid shortening

22
Q

What management factor predisposes to periorbital eczema and how

A

Too little space at feed troughs
So get overcrowding, trauma to skin, Staph aureus bacterial infection
–> Swollen eyelids which block vision

23
Q

Is fungal blepharitis more common in sheep or goats

A

Goats
- Dermatophytosis from Microsorum/Trichophyton

24
Q

What viruses could cause blepharitis

A

Orf, sheep and goat pox
Bluetongue

25
Q

In what disease course might we see third eyelid prolapse

A

Tetanus

26
Q

What parasite can cause nasolacrimal duct disease

A

Oestrus ovis
Via aberrant migration

27
Q

What does a soft looking globe/flat anterior segment suggest has happened

A

Corneal or scleral laceration

28
Q

What are the two primary aetiological agents in infectious keratoconjunctivitis/pink eye

A

Mycoplasma conjunctivae
Chlamydophila pecorum

29
Q

What test do we need to identif M conjunctivae

A

PCR
Routine bacteriology won’t detect it

30
Q

Mycoplasma conjunctivae recovery

A

Usually resolves in a few weeks without treatment BUT immunity is poor so common to get relapses

31
Q

Which antibiotics would we use to speed the recovery of mycoplasma conjunctivae

A

Tetracyclines

32
Q

Which secondary consequence of chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis can be seen in lambs

A

Polyarthritis

33
Q

COntinued shedding of chlamydial vs mycoplasma keratoconjunctivitis

A

Months

34
Q

Causative agent of silage eye

A

Listeria monocytogenes

35
Q

Clinical signs of silage eye

A

Blepharospasm, corneal oedema, hypopyon (white fluid layer of WBCs on bottom of anterior chamber)< miosis, catarrhal conjunctivitis

36
Q

What systemic diseases could lead to yellow coloration of the eye

A

Haemolytic diseases e.g copper toxicity, liver dosease (pyrorolizidine toxicity, liver fluke)

37
Q

What is bright blindness and what is the cause

A

= progressive retinal degeneration
Due to chronic grazing of bracken fern
Notice hyper-reflectivity of the tapetum lucidum

38
Q

Which sheep breed is associated with inherited microphthalmia

A

Texel

39
Q

What is the cause of progressive retinal degeneration

A

Vitamin A deficiency
(rare in grazing animals since they can convert beta carotene from plants into vit A0

40
Q

WHat is ceroid lipofusinosis

A

Inherited lysosomal storage disease in south hampshire sheep that cause retinal degeneration

41
Q

What infectious diseases can cause retinal disease in neonates

What about adults

A

Neonates: border disease virus, congenital toxoplasma infection, septicaemia listeriorisis, bluetongue

Adults: scrapie

Ophthalmology (all species) (8 decks)

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