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Ocular Anatomy > Ocular Anatomy (1st Ppt) > Flashcards

Ocular Anatomy (1st Ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

How much does an eyeball measure in diameter? [Answer in cm and in]

A

2.5cm (1in)

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2
Q

How much of the anterior cavity is exposed?

A

1/6

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3
Q

Mention the three layers of the wall of the eyeball:

A

1) Fibrous tunic
2) Vascular tunic
3) Nervous tunic

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4
Q

T or F: The fibrous tunic is avascular

A

True

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5
Q

What does the fibrous tunic consist of? [2]

A

1) Cornea
2) Sclera

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6
Q

What is the cornea? [3]

A
  • Transparent coat
  • Curved
  • Helps focus light onto retina
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7
Q

What is the sclera? [3]

A
  • White
  • Gives shape to the eyeball
  • Protects internal tissues
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8
Q

The sclera covers the entire eyeball except for the _______.

A

Does not cover the cornea

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9
Q

What is the fibrous tunic? [2]

A
  • Superficial coat
  • Dense fibrous connective tissue
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10
Q

The junction of the sclera and cornea is an opening known as ______.

A

Canal of Schlemm

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11
Q

What does the vascular tunic consist of? [3]

A

1) Choroid
2) Ciliary body
3) Iris

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12
Q

Mention 5 characteristics of the choroid:

A
  • Posterior
  • Highly vascularized
  • Lines the internal surface of the sclera
  • Provides nutrients to the posterior surface of the retina
  • Has some pigmented granules, but the line is not blunt like the RPE
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13
Q

Mention 3 characteristics of the ciliary body:

A
  • Continues from the choroid anteriorly
  • Extends from the ora serrata to a point just posterior to the sclero-corneal junction [canal of schlemm]
  • Muscles contracts & releases to see in far/close distances
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14
Q

Mention 2 characteristics of Ciliary processes:

A
  • Secretes aqueous humor
  • Suspensory ligaments or zonular ligaments (attached to lens)
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15
Q

Define ciliary muscles:

A
  • Inside ciliary body
  • Accommodation of lens
  • Shifted the lens
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16
Q

Mention 4 characteristics of the iris:

A
  • Colored portion of the eyeball
  • Center hole = pupil
  • Melanocytes and smooth muscle (circular and radial muscles)
  • Regulates amount of light entering
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17
Q

Mention the eye cavities + their chambers

A

1) Anterior Cavity
- Anterior Chamber
- Posterior Chamber

2) Posterior Cavity
- Vitreous

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18
Q

Mention 2 characteristics of the Retina. What tunic does it belong to?

A
  • Third and inner coat of the eyeball
  • Beginning of the visual pathway

–> Belongs to the nervous tunic

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19
Q

How many layers does the retina have in total? Briefly describe them.

A
  • Has 1 pigmented layer: Known as RPE (Retinal Pigment Layer). The melanin absorbs rays of light that enter the retina. *It’s not a neural layer
  • Has 9 neural layers: all have neurological components
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20
Q

What are the 3 main cells that compose the retina? Describe them

A

1) Photoreceptors
2) Bipolar cells
3) Gangliar cells
–> This is the specific part of the retina that sends information perceived to the optic nerve

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21
Q

What are 4 characteristics of the lens?

A
  • Posterior to the pupil
  • Transparent
  • Lacks blood vessels
  • *Helps focusing images on the retina
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22
Q

T or F. The lens does not divide the eyeball into 2 cavities.

A

False, it do.

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23
Q

The lens divides the eyeball into 2 cavities, what are they?

A

1) Anterior Cavity
2) Vitreous chamber (posterior cavity)

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24
Q

Mention 2 characteristics about the anterior cavity?

A
  • Anterior to the lens
  • 2 chambers filled with aqueous humor that contributes to the intraocular pressure
    • Anterior chamber
    • Posterior chamber
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25
Q

What is the Anterior chamber composed of?

A

Everything anterior to the lens

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26
Q

What is the posterior chamber composed of?

A

Iris- lens (including zonular fibers)

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27
Q

How often is the aqueous humor replaced in the body?

A

Replaced every 90 min

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28
Q

What is another name for suspensory ligaments? What is their function?

A

1) Zonular fibers
2) Dilate or constrict pupil on ciliary body’s command

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of the Vitreous chamber and Vitreous itself? [4]

A
  • Between lens and retina
  • Vitreous
    • Jelly-like substance
    • Contribute to intraocular pressure
    • Holds retina against choroid
    • Even surface for the reception of clear images
30
Q

What are the characteristics + functions of the eyelid? [4]

A
  • Shade the eyes during sleep
  • Protects the eyes from excessive light
  • Protects eye from foreign objects
  • Spread tears
  • Upper eyelid is more movable
31
Q

What does the eyelid consist of? [4]

A
  • Skin
  • Muscle
  • Glands
  • Conjuctiva
    • Palpebral
    • Bulbar
32
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

Space between upper and lower eyelid

33
Q

What is the canthus? What other name does it have?

A
  • Either of the angles of the eye [lateral or medial]
  • Lateral / Medial commissure
34
Q

What is the function of eyelashes and eyebrows?

A

Protection

35
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus? Mention its 5 structures.

A

A) Structures that produce and drain lacrimal fluid or tears
B) • Lacrimal glands
• Lacrimal ducts
• Lacrimal punctum
• Lacrimal canaliculi
• Lacrimal sac

36
Q

What is the function of the Lacrimal sac?

A

Empties to the nasolacrimal duct

37
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball?

A
  • 4 rectus
    • Superior
    • Inferior
    • Lateral
    • Medial
  • 2 obliques
    • Superior
    • Inferior
38
Q

T or F. The fibrous tunic is vascularized.

A

False, the cornea nor sclera have blood. The nutrients are provided by vascular tunic.

39
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the sclera?

A
  • Densest and hardest structure of the eye
  • White in color
  • Gives protection from projectiles
40
Q

What 3 structures of the Uvia?

A

Iris, Ciliary body, and choroid

41
Q

What is the Ora serrata?

A

The jagged anterior margin of the retina

42
Q

4 biggest components of the eye:

A
43
Q

What are suspensory ligaments?

A
  • Accommodates lens
  • Attached to Ciliary body
44
Q

What liquid does the ciliary body produce?

A

Aqueous humor

45
Q

3 characteristics of the Schlemm Canal:

A
  • Is considered a vein
  • drains aqueous humor to veins *NOT TEARS
  • does not drain blood
46
Q

What does the limbus join?

A
  • End of cornea with sclera
47
Q

T or F. The lens is avascular.

A

True

48
Q

Mention the 3 total avascular structures:

A

Cornea, sclera and lens

49
Q

What is the macula?

A
  • The center of vision (best vision) since it has the most cones of the retina [HD TV]
50
Q

What eye disease does a white lens indicate?

A

Cataract

51
Q

The aqueous humor goes through ___. Where does it drain? What is the function of it?

A
  • Ciliary processes
  • Sinus
  • Nourishes the lens and cornea
52
Q

What is the sclemm canal?

A

It’s a circular canal in the limbus

53
Q

T or F. All 5 layers of the cornea are avascular.

A

False, all layers are vascular.

54
Q

Describe the 5 layers of the cornea.

A

1) Epithelium: outside layer; keeps things out
2) Bowman’s layer
3) Stroma: Main component of the cornea & densest part
4) Descemet’s membrane
5) Endothelium: forms cells & maintains metabolic activity

55
Q

Mention 3 vascular eye structures:

A

-Iris: contracts
-Ciliary body: aqueous humor
-Choroid

56
Q

Describe the dilator muscle. Mention its other name.

A

1) Dilates the eye (makes pupil bigger)
2) Mydriasis

57
Q

Describe the sphincter muscle. Mention its other name.

A

1) It’s a constrictor. Smaller pupil
2) Miosis [not to be confused with meiosis]

58
Q

Choriod has both vessels:

A

Veins [oxygenated blood, brings blood in] and arteries [deox blood, takes out blood]

59
Q

What are vortex veins?

A

Takes out all deox blood from the eye globe

60
Q

T or F. Every fiber in the optic nerve is individual.

A

True

61
Q

What is the episclera? [3]

A
  • The only structural part of the sclera
  • Only part of the sclera that has vessels [aka vascularized]
  • It provides nutrients to sclera
62
Q

Bruch’s membrane: other name, what it is, and it’s functions [2]

A

-Also called Lamina Vitrea
- It’s a five layered extracellular membrane located between the retina [RPE] and choroid
- Requires elasticity to stretch & return to its size as intraocular pressure fluctuates, as well as accommodate changes in choriodal blood volume

63
Q

Describe the conjuctiva: [4]

A
  • Covers sclera and ends anteriorly to the limbus
  • “It’s like a sac in the front”
  • Does not penetrate the posterior
  • membrane must be moist
64
Q

What is the function of the levator muscle?

A

Opens and closes eyelid

65
Q

What does the lacrimal gland produce?

A

Tear film

66
Q

What is the tear film composed of? [3]

A

1) Water- Moisture
2) Fat- delays evaporation of water
3) Mucus- Attaches tearfilm to the eye

67
Q

What is the anterior pole? What is the posterior pole?

A

Anterior pole- Front of the eye, where the cornea is

Posterior pole- Back of the eye, where the optic nerve is

68
Q

How is the equator of the eye?

A

Vertically center of the eye

69
Q

The sandwich:

A

Outer –> Inner eye

Sclera, choroid, retina

SCE

70
Q

Function of circular and radial muscles of the ciliary of processes [that control how much the iris open & closes]:

A

Circular: Constricts [Miosis]. Also called Sphincter muscle. the muscle of the

Radial: Dilates [Mydriasis]. Also called the dilator muscle.

Ocular Anatomy (1 decks)

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