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PODA > Ocular Anatomy > Flashcards

Ocular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

BLINKING:

A
  • Coordinatedmovementofocularmuscles
  • Distributestearsoverthecorneaandconjunctiva
  • Protectseyefrompotentialdanger
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2
Q

ANATOMYOFTHEEYELIDS:

A

Externalsurface‐coveredbyathinlayerofskin

Internalsurface‐linedwiththepalpebralportionofthe
conjunctiva,whichisavascularizedmucousmembranecontinuouswith thebulbarconjunctiva

Fornix:Spacewherethepalpebralandbulbarconjunctivaemeet

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3
Q

Where is the fornix located?

A

Locatedsuperiorlyandinferiorlybehindtheupperandlowereyelids, respectively.

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4
Q

TorF: Topicalmedicationsusuallyareplacedintheinferiorfornix,also
knownastheinferiorconjunctivalsac

A

True

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5
Q

The lacrimal system consists of:

A

secretoryglandsandexcretory(nasolacrimal)ducts

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6
Q

Thesecretorysystemincludes:

A
  • Lacrimalglandslocatedinthetemporalouterportionoftheorbit
  • Innervatedbytheautonomicnervoussystem

*Accessoryglands(alsoknownasKrauseandWolfringglands)
locatedintheconjunctiva

  • Meibomianglandslocatedposterior&inferiortotheeyelashes
  • Orificesofglandsposteriortoeyelashes -Secreteoilsthatretardevaporationofthetearfilm
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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of tears?

A

ANTERIOR *lipid layer by meibomian glands

MIDDLE *aqueous layer by lacrimal glands and accessory lacrimal glands(Krause and Wolfring)

POSTERIOR * mucus layer by globlet cells

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8
Q

TorF: the cornea is a multilayered hydrophilic epithelialbarriertoforeign matter,includingdrugs

A

False: MultilayedHYDROPHOBICepithelialbarriertoforeign matter,includingdrugs

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9
Q

The limbus of the eye is the transitional zonebetweenthe:

A

Cornea and sclera

  • Consistsofseveralstructures,includingconjunctival
    epithelium,Schlemm’sCanalandthetrabecularmeshwork
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10
Q

TorF: The aqueous humor is formed in the anterior chamber

A

FALSE . Posterior chamber

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11
Q

ANTERIORCHAMBER(AC)

A
  • cornea forms the roof of the chamber, Iris forms the base of the AC
  • Theanteriorchamberangleisformedbytheintersectionofthecorneaandiris
  • Holdsabout250µLofaqueoushumor(AH)
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12
Q

The posterior chamber

A
  • Theposteriorsurfaceoftheirisformstheroof;anteriorsurfaceofthe lensandtheciliaryprocesses formthebase
  • Holdsapproximately50µLofaqueoushumor
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13
Q

The uvea consists of

A

theirisandciliarybodyintheanteriorsegment

thechoroidintheposteriorsegment

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14
Q

The iris

A

Separatesanteriorandposteriorchambers

Providescoloroftheeye

Muscular,circularstructureresponsibleforcontrollingthediameterandsizeofpupil,thusregulatingthe amountoflightpassingintotheeye

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15
Q

CILIARYBODY

A

Consistsofciliarymusclesand,anteriorly,ciliaryprocesses

Ciliaryepithelialcellslineciliaryprocessesandformaqueoushumor whichfillstheposteriorandanteriorchambers

Ciliarymuscleschangetheshapeofthelenswhentheeyefocusesonanobject(accommodation)

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16
Q

What is the conventional pathway: describe it

A

AH secreted by the capillaryplasmaintheciliaryepithelialcellsandreleasedintothe posteriorchamber(AHinflow)

•Passesthroughpupilintoanteriorchamber •Flowsthroughtrabecularmeshwork(TM)intotheCanalof Schlemm,eventuallyreturningtothesystemiccirculation

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17
Q

Uveoscleral Pathway

A

AHdrainsfromthebaseoftheciliarymusclethroughtissuesin&aroundtheuvea,ultimatelypassingintothe sclera

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18
Q

ROLEOFAQUEOUSHUMOR

A

• Helpsmaintainintraocularpressure(IOP)andthe
eye’sshape

• Servesasarefractivemedium

• Providesmetabolicsubstratestoavascular
structuresoftheeye(lens,cornea)

  • Carriesawaymetabolicwastes
  • Facilitatesthedistributionofsomedrugs
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19
Q

ElevatedIOPisusuallyduetoincreasedresistanceto

A

outflow(Trabecular meshworkdysfunction)

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20
Q

Innervatestheciliarybody,ciliarybloodvessels
andirisdilatormuscle

  • INCREASESAHPRODUCTIONbyciliaryepithelium
  • ThedilatormusclescauseMYDRIASIS(dilationofpupils)
A

SYMPATHETICNERVOUSSYSTEM

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21
Q

Where are lacrimal glands located?

A

inthetemporalouterportionoftheorbit

22
Q

Where are accessory glands located?

A

locatedintheconjunctiva

23
Q

Where are Meibomian glands located?

A

locatedposterior&inferiortotheeyelashes

24
Q

Abnormalities in _________ cangreatlyaffecttearfilmfunction

A

Abnormalitiesinglandfunctioncangreatlyaffecttearfilmfunction
(examples:acnerosaceaandmeibomitis)

25
Q

The trabecular meshwork drains the AH from the anteriorchamberinto the:
‘

A

Schlemm’sCanal

26
Q

The PNS Innervatesthesphincterpupillaeandciliarymuscles which causes:

A
  • theciliaryandsphinctermuscletoCONTRACT leading to
  • relaxationofthezonulessuspendingthelens allowing lens to be more convex and facilitate(ACCOMMODATE) near vision
  • reducesIOPbydecreasingresistancetoconventionalAHflow(pullsTMopentoincreaseAHoutflow)
  • MIOSIS
27
Q

VITREOUSHUMOR:

A

*Transparentgelatinousmediumthatfillstheposteriorsegment

  • Maintainseyeshape
  • Transparencyfacilitatespassageoflighttotheretina
  • Functionsinmetabolicexchanges
  • Mayserveasaprotectivecushionfortheretina
28
Q

The OPTICNERVE

A

Myelinatednervethatconductsretinalsensoryoutputtothe
visualcentersinthebrain

29
Q

TorF: the choroid contains the photoreceptors (Rods and cones)

A

False: The RETINA containsphotoreceptors(rodsandcones)

30
Q

TorF: the retina Formsthelight sensitiveoutermostlayeroftissueintheposteriorsegmentfor
visionperception

A

False: Formsthelight‐sensitiveINNERMOSTlayeroftissueintheposteriorsegmentfor
visionperception

31
Q

Highlyvascularmiddlelayerwhichsuppliesnutrientstointeriorstructuresoftheeyeandremovesmetabolicwaste

A

Choroid

32
Q

Tough,fibroustissueformingtheoutermostlayeroftheeye,extendingfromthecorneaintheanteriorsegmenttotheopticnerveatthebackoftheeye.

A

Sclera

33
Q

singlelayerofcellsunderlyingtheretinathatprovidesnutrientsandmaintainsthephotoreceptors

A

Retinalpigmentepithelium(RPE)

34
Q

multilayeredmembrane;separatestheRPEandretina fromthechoroid

A

Bruch’smembrane

35
Q

capillariesthatforminnerlayerofthechoroid

A

Choriocapillaris

36
Q

The retina is comprised of:

A

• Photoreceptors(rodsandcones)

• Integrators(bipolar,horizontal,amacrine,ganglion
cells)

  • Outputpathway(nervefiberlayer)
  • Supportcells(Mullercells)
37
Q

Of the 10 layers of the eye, The 3 layers that predominantlycontain nuclei are:

A

outernuclearlayer,innernuclearlayerandtheganglioncelllayer

38
Q

The 2 layers that contain-synaptic connections are

A

outerplexiformlayerandinnerplexiformlayer

39
Q

Extra cellular space acting as scaffoldingforneuralandvascularelements:

A

Mullercells

40
Q

TorF:Opticnervefiberstraversetheretinalsurfaceanduniteattheopticdisc.

A

True

41
Q

TorF: Rodsandconesarepresent attheopticdisc

A

False. Rodsandconesareabsentattheopticdisc

42
Q

What is responsible for the sharp,detailedcentralvision such as reading

A

Macula lutea

43
Q

Foveacentralis

A

shallowdepressioninthemiddleoftheyellowspot.

44
Q

TorF: Most topical ophthalmic medications are poorly absorbed

A

True. Only~5%ofdosegivenasaneyedropisabsorbed

intraocularly(Poorlybioavailable)

45
Q

What factors affect ocular bioavailability?

A

• Administration(propertechnique;nasolacrimal
drainage)

• Medicationformulation(e.g.,ointment,suspension,
solution)

  • Dosage
  • Routeofadministration(e.g.,topical,injectable)
46
Q

FactorsAffectingAbsorptionandDistributionofOcularDrugs:

A
  • Routeofadministration
  • Drugsolubility
  • Molecularweightofdrug
  • Concentrationofdrug
  • Intraoculardiffusionbarriers
  • Pigmentationoftheuvea
  • Anatomicalandfunctionalfactors
  • Physiologicalandbiochemicalfactors
  • Influenceofthedrugcarrier(vehicle)
47
Q

• OTHERROUTESOFADMINISTRATION:OCULARINJECTIONS

A
  • Sub‐conjunctivalinjection
  • Retrobulbarinjection
  • Peribulbarinjection
  • Intracameralinjection‐intotheanteriorsegment
  • Intravitrealinjection‐intothevitreous
  • Invasiveroutesusedonlyinspecialsituations
  • Highdrugconcentrationneeded
  • Non‐compliantpatients
  • Ocularsurgeries
  • Endophthalmitis
48
Q

• FACTORSAFFECTINGOCULARPKOFDRUGS:PIGMENTATIONOF

UVEA

A

• Uvealpigmentsbindcertaindrugs,forminganinactive
depot Example:Mydriaticsbindtomelaninpigments

• Darkirishasmoremelaninthanlightiris

  • Onsetofactionofmydriaticsmaybedelayed
  • Durationofactionprolonged
49
Q

FACTORSAFFECTINGOCULARPKOFDRUGS:

A

PIGMENTATIONOFUVEA

METABOLISM

EXCRETION

50
Q

FACTORSAFFECTINGOCULARPKOFDRUGS:METABOLISM

A

• Enzymaticbiotransformationofoculardrugsmaybesignificant:

-Esterases,oxidoreductases,lysosomalenzymes,peptidases,
glucuronideandsulfatetransferases,glutathione‐conjugating enzymes,catechol‐O‐methyl‐transferase,monoamineoxidase, and11‐hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase

•Esterasesareofparticularinterestbecauseofthedevelopmentofprodrugsforenhancedcornealpermeability.Forexample, latanoprostisaprodrugforprostaglandinF2alphausedfortreating glaucoma.

51
Q

FACTORSAFFECTINGOCULARPKOFDRUGS:EXCRETION

A

Drugsadministeredintotheeyeareeliminatedby
theliverandkidneyaftersystemicabsorption

Someportionoftopicallyappliedformulationsare
washedoutintearsorthroughnasalsecretions(via
nasolacrimaldrainage)

PODA (5 decks)

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