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Biology Fall 2019 > October Midterm 2019 > Flashcards

October Midterm 2019 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Our cosmic address is?

A

Planet Earth, Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, local supercluster, Universe

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2
Q

What is lb a unit of?

A

force

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3
Q

On the moon where gravity is lower what is the relationship between your weight and mass?

A

On the moon where gravity is lower my weight is less, my mass is the same.

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4
Q

how much of the moon is viewable at one time

A

always half, it rotates fully every 24 hours

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5
Q

define planet

A

small, nonlumious bodies that shine by reflecting sunllght

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6
Q

explain how far apart stars are from each other

A

a golf ball in vancouver compared to a golf ball in calgary

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7
Q

what is a light year, and what is its measurment

A

the distance light travels in a year, roughly 10^13km

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8
Q

what is an AU, what is its measurement

A

Astronomical Unit, the average distance from the earthto the sun. 1.5x10^8 km or 1.5x10^11 m

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9
Q

How far awat from Earth si the nearest start to the sun?

A

4,2 ly

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10
Q

what did the sun form from?

A

clouds of gas that are extremely thin vacuums.

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11
Q

how long ago did our sun form?

A

about 5 billion years ago

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12
Q

define a galaxy

A

a great cloud of stars, gasand dust bound together by the combined gravity of all the matter

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13
Q

how many stars does our galaxy contain?

A

over 100 billion stars

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14
Q

what are superclusters?

A

clusters of galaxies that grouped together

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15
Q

how do all humans use scientific thinking?

A

it is based on everyday ideas og observation and trial-error experiements

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16
Q

what were some ways that ancient societies used astornomy

A
  • keeping track of time and seasons

- agriculture,navigation

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17
Q

how did ancient people predict seasons?

A

the orientation of the cresecent moon

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18
Q

where does modern science trace its roots too?

A

the greeks

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19
Q

define experimentation

A

collecting data using instruments and mathe matical calculations

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20
Q

what are the steps for the scientific method?

A

identifying patterns, hypothesis, prediction, experiementation, identifying patterns

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21
Q

what is a scientific theory?

A

not a hypothesis, explains a wide variety of observatiosn with a few simple principles and must be supported by a large body of evidence

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22
Q

what is the standarized systne of measurement?

A

a system of measurement agreed upon by an international committee in 1960

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23
Q

who uses the metric system in the world?

A

it is a worldwide system used everywhere except for liberia, myanmar, and the United States of America

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24
Q

define length and its unit of measurment

A

the distance travelled in metres

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25
Q

define mass and its unit of measurment

A

SI- kg

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26
Q

define time and its unit of measurment

A

in seconds

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27
Q

define inertia

A

Inertia is the tendency of an object to remain in motion in the absence of an unbalanced force such as friction of gravity

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28
Q

what is the equation for motion

A

speed= distance/time

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29
Q

define velocity

A

speed in a specific direction

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30
Q

define acceleration

A

rate of change in velocity

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31
Q

define force

A

is a push or pull on a body. Force is the agent for chnge in motion

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32
Q

what are the units of force

A

SI newton (N) or a metric ton (2000 N)

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33
Q

define external force

A

ny force that results from the interaction between the object and its interaction between the object and its environmentenvironme

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34
Q

define internal force

A

orces that originate within the object itselfitselfThey cannot change the object’s velocityThey cannot change the object’s velocity

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35
Q

what is newtons first law of motion?

A

a moving object will continue moving in a straight line at a constant speed, in a straight line at a constant speed, and a stationary object will remain at and a stationary object will remain at rest, unless acted upon by an rest, unless acted upon by an unbalanced forceunbalanced force

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36
Q

what is newtosn 2nd law of motion

A

When a force F acts on a body of mass m, it produces in it an acceleration a equal to the force divided by the mass. Thus, a = F/m, or F = ma

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37
Q

what is newtosn 3rd law of motion

A

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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38
Q

define gravity

A

attractive force between any 2 objects in the universe which is objects in the universe which is proportional to the masses of the proportional to the masses of the objects and inversely proportional to objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the square of the distance between them”them

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39
Q

what is newtons law of universal gravitation state?

A

that every obnect exerts gravitational force on every other object

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40
Q

define weight

A

force of gravity on an object in a particular place it can change

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41
Q

define mass

A

amount of an actual matter an object has it always stays constant

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42
Q

why areastronauts weigthless in soace?

A

they are in a constant state of freefalleven though there is gravity in spcae

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43
Q

why dont we see the same constellations throguhout the year?

A

it depends where you travel and latitude. time of year and as we orbit the sun on Earth

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44
Q

define ecliptic

A

the apparent path of the Sun through the sky

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45
Q

define equinox

A

where the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator

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46
Q

define solstice

A

where the ecliptic is farthest from the celestial equator

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47
Q

define zodiac, how many are there?

A

the constellations which lie along the ecliptic

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48
Q

what causes seasons?

A

seasons are opposite in the N and S hemispheres, so distacne is not the reason. The real reason is Earths axis tilt. Not our distance from the sun either.

49
Q 
When is the:
Summer solstice?
Winter Solstice?
Spring (vernal) Equinox?
Fall (autumnal) Equinox?
A

June 21
Decmber 21
March 21
September 21

50
Q

Describe the Summer Solstice

A

The day when the northern hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the su and gets most direct sun

51
Q

describe the winter solstice

A

The Day when the Southern Hemisphere is maximally tilted towards the sun and gets the msot direct sun

52
Q

Why do we have certain lengths of time for our days and nights?

A

because of the tilt of the Earth’s axis. On equinoxes our dasy and nights are roughly of equal length

53
Q

what is an evening star

A

any planet visible in the sunet sky

54
Q

what is a mornign star?

A

any planet visible in the dawn sky

55
Q

what is the closest distance that the earth can be to the moon?

A

380,000km

56
Q

how often does the moon orbit the earth?

A

once every 27.38 . once a month

57
Q

describe the motion of the moon in our night sky

A

rises in the East and sets in the West every night

58
Q

why do we have lunar phases?

A

the moon reflects light from the sun, so half of the moon is illumated and half of its not, as it orbits we see changing faces of the moon

59
Q

define synchronous rotation

A

the moon rotates exactly once with each orbit

60
Q

what causes eclipses?

A

the Earth andmoon cast shadows, when either passes through the others shadow we have an eclipse

61
Q

Why don’t we have an eclipse at every full and new moon?

A

the moons orbit is tilited at 5degrees, so we have two eclipse seasons each year, 1 at new moon and 1 at full moon

62
Q

describe a lunar eclipse

A

at a full moon, when we are between the sun and the moon, can be partial or total

63
Q

describe a solar eclipse

A

at a new moon, when the moon is between the sun and the Earth, partial, total, or annular

64
Q

what two conditions must be met to have an eclipse?

A

It must be full moon (for a lunar eclipse) or new moon (for a solar eclipse). AND The Moon must be at or near one of the two points in its orbit where it crosses the ecliptic plane (its nodes)

65
Q

define galaxy

A

a very large aggregare of stars, gas, and dust held together by their mutaul gravitational attraction

66
Q

Whtat other galaxy is believed to be similiar in size and shape to the Milky Way Galaxy?

A

The Andromeda Galaxy

67
Q

define spiral galaxy

A

stars, plus gas and dust arranged into three general components:

  • the halo
  • the nuclear bulge and galactic Center
  • the disk
68
Q

what is the halo of a spiral galaxy

A

a roughly spherical distribution which contains the oldest stars in the Gala

69
Q

what is the disk of a spirla galaxy?

A

contains the majority of the stars, including the sun, and virtually all of the gas and dust

70
Q

define elliptical galaxies

A

stars are arranged into a spherical or elliptical shape•An elliptical galaxy does not have extending curved “arms.

71
Q

define a whirlpool galaxy

A

a normal spiral galaxy

72
Q

how is a star “Born” ?

A

When thermonuclear fusion begins, this is the time a star is actually born.•It moves onto the H-R main sequence, in a position determined by its temperature and brightness.–Ultimately both temperature and brightness are dependent upon the star’s mas

73
Q

define photosphere

A

“sphere of light”, the vivisble surface of the sun

74
Q

chromosphere

A

“Sphere of colour” visible during solar eclipses

75
Q

corona

A

the Sun’s outermost atmosphere. The outflow of gas in this region is called the solar wind, which is protons and electrons that have escaped the Sun’s gravity

76
Q

what is commonly the most accepted model of our solar system?

A

Heliocentric model

77
Q

what is the most accepted theory of the origin of our solar system?

A

Protoplanetary nebular model

78
Q

describe physical characteristics of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

A

mainly rock and metal, relatively high densities, slow rotation, solid surfaces, no rings, few satellites

79
Q

describe the physical characteristics of Juptier, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

A

mainly hydrogen and helium, low densities, rapid rotation, deep atmospheres, rings, lots of satellites

80
Q

what is the order of planets out from the sun?

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, asteroid belt, Jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

81
Q

what is keplers first law?

A

planetary orbit as an ellipse, the sun is located at one focus of the ellipse

82
Q

what is keplers secodn law?

A

a line form the sun to a planet at a point A sweeps the same area in the same time as from C to D

83
Q

what is keplers thrid law?

A

harmony of orbits: the square of the period of a planet’s orbit is proportional to the cube of that planet’s semimajor axis t2d

84
Q

what are the three necessary criteria for a solar system body to be considered a planet?

A
  • must orbit around the sun
  • must have a sufficient mass for self-gravity to form a nearly round shape
  • it must be the dominant body within its orbit
85
Q

why is pluto not a planet, what its official scientific name?

A

It orbits inside of neptunes orbit, so it is considered a dwarf planet

86
Q

what are the names of the three dwarf planets in our solar system?

A

pluto, ceres, and Eris

87
Q

what is a comet

A

small bodies made of frozen CO2, NH3, CH4, and particles of dust and rock mixed. the comets tail always points away from the sun as it moves and they originate approximately 30 A.U. away from the sun

88
Q

what is the Keiper belt

A

a disk shaped region of smaller icy bodies from30 to 100 AU from the sun. this is the source of short period comets

89
Q

define a meteoroid

A

remnants of asteroids and comets

90
Q

define a meteor

A

the streak of light and smoke left in the sky by a meteoroid, AKA a meteor

91
Q

define a meteor shower

A

earth passes through a stream of particles that are left by a comet

92
Q

describe the formation of the Earths crust

A

during Earth’s early formation it was molten and the heavier elements, like iron and nickel, sank deep into the interior of the earth. This left a thing layer of lighter materials on the surface that is now called the crust.

93
Q

how are seas and mountaisn formed?

A

internal changes alter the earths surface by the moving of the tectonic plates

94
Q

what is the rock cycle

A

the continually changing structure of rocks, igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. These are all temporary changes that rocks undergo

95
Q

define a mineral

A

a solid inorganic material of the Earth that has both a known chemical composition and a crystalline structure that is unique to that miner

96
Q

define a rock

A

a solid aggregate of one or more minerals that have been cohesively brought together by a rock-forming process

97
Q

define a crystal structure

A

can be made up of atoms of one or more kinds of elements

98
Q

what is a silicate and how much of earths crust does it make up?

A

made of silicon and it makes uo 92% of the Earths crust

99
Q

define magma

A

molten rock from which minerals are formed

100
Q

define lava

A

magma that is foced to the surface

101
Q

what is the rock cycle?

A 
Igneous Metemorphic
^                     ^
| |                   |  | 
v                   v
 Sedimentary
102
Q

what is a conservation law?

A

the msot fundamental ideas we have in physics are consevation laws. Statements that tell us that some quantity does not change

103
Q

what is the conservation of mass?

A

it states that the total mass of an isolated system is constant

104
Q

what are the forms of energy?

A

mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear

105
Q

define energy and give a formal and the two mains types of energy

A

the ability to do work,
E=mc^2
potential vs. kinetic

106
Q

what things are potential energy?

A

gravitational, chemical, elastic, electromagnetic

107
Q

what things are kinetic energy?

A

moving objects, heat, sound waves, other waves

108
Q

where do living organisms get energy?

A

sunlight, absorbed by plants,high energy compounds made through photosynthesis

109
Q

define work and give a formula

A

the product of force and the distance through which an the force moves an object in the direction of the force,
work=w=Fd

110
Q

define kinetic energy

A

the energy associated with an objects motion

111
Q

define potential energy

A

energy associated with the systems position or orientation

112
Q

define gravitational potential energy

A

energy associated with the relative position of an object in the space near the Earth’s surface

113
Q

what is the law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another

114
Q

define power

A

the rate of energy transfer

115
Q

what is geoloy the study of?

A

the study of the planet earth, it’s composition, structure, process, and history

116
Q

what are plate tectonics?

A

the primary mover of the Earth’s outer shell, they make mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, spread the seafloor and were a huge part of the continental drift

117
Q

what is/was pangea

A

continents were at one time part of a supercontinent called pangea, this supercontinent driftef apart in what is called the continental drift

118
Q

define paleomagnetism

A

the branch of geophysics concerned with the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth’s magnetic field at the time of their formation.

Biology Fall 2019 (1 decks)

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