Oct 3-10 Flashcards
Glycolysis net equation?
Reactant: 1 glucose (6C)
Product: 2 ATP net, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
mid product: 2glyceraldehyde-3-P
Which form type of troph can use metabolic pathways to continue energy extraction of pyruvate?
chemoorganotroph
- Explain how energy is released when electrons are transferred in redox reactions; given a reaction, identify which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced.
Energy is released by the from the breaking of PE bonds from the reactants.
Oxidation: losing electrons
Reduction: gaining electrons.
- Explain the role of glycolysis in energy transformation as well as production of intermediates for further metabolic reactions
Glucose broken down to 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH (intermediates)
Energy production: 2 ATP
(high school) Draw and label a chloroplast and mitochondria.
Inclde mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space and thylakoids stacks (grana).
- Explain why glucose is an important source of energy and why it is oxidized in a series of reactions, rather than all at once.
Has a lot of PE, not directly burned so that there is free energy is not lost due to heat and can be stored.
- Describe the conserved pathways/mechanisms for transforming/using energy within a cell/organism (ATP/reducing power/gradients).
Pathways: Glycolysis, TCA, ETC
Mechanisms: substrate level phosphorylation (enzymatic reaction) Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC chain).
Update needed.
- Describe the different types of chemical energy used by the cell to perform work (e.g. ATP, proton motive force, NADH/NADPH/FADH2) and explain the role of electron carrier molecules in metabolic pathways.
update needed.
Help with transportation and establishing concentration gradient.
- Describe the three pathways by which glucose is oxidized in aerobic respiration (glycolysis; Krebs (citric acid) cycle; electron transport chain & chemiosmosis) and be able to diagram the relationship among these four pathways.
Eukaryotes:
Glycolysis: Glucose partially broken down, producing ATP and electron carriers. Occurs in cytoplasm.
Then goes pyruvates go to the matrix.
Bridge reaction connects glycolysis with citric acid cycle by being converted to Acetyl-CoA. NADH go to matrix as well.
Krebs cycle: Fuel molecules are fully broken down, producing ATP and electron carrier reduction. Occurs in matrix.
NADHs and FADH2s go to ETC
ETC: oxidative phosphorylation.Reactant: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
Products: electrochemical proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane
ETC establishes concentration gradient.
Chemiosmosis: Use of electrochemical force and proton concentration gradient to produce 28 ATP?
Structure of ATP?
P surrounded by oxygens attached to ribose and adenine group.
- For all of these pathways: you do not need to memorize all of the reactions but you do need to know:
what the starting molecules for this process are
what molecules are produced
how ATP is made in this step (i.e. by what process?)
what is the main accomplishment of the pathway?
where is most of the energy that was originally present in glucose at the end of this process?
where in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells does this pathway occur?
how is the pathway similar in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and how is it different?
Eukaryotes:
Glycolysis: Glucose partially broken down, producing ATP and electron carriers. Occurs in cytoplasm.
Then goes pyruvates go to the matrix.
Bridge reaction connects glycolysis with citric acid cycle by being converted to Acetyl-CoA. NADH go to matrix as well.
Krebs cycle: Fuel molecules are fully broken down, producing ATP and electron carrier reduction. Occurs in matrix.
NADHs and FADH2s go to ETC
ETC: oxidative phosphorylation.Reactant: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
Products: electrochemical proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane
ETC establishes concentration gradient.
Chemiosmosis: Use of electrochemical force and proton concentration gradient to produce 28 ATP?
Prokaryotic cells produce ATP at plasmic membrane.
Different in that ATP synthesis location is different.
- Explain how glycolysis produces metabolic energy as well as producing intermediates for further metabolic reactions
Glucose partially broken and the bonds broken produces energy to form ATP, pyruvate and NADH are sent for further metabolic reactions.
- Explain how pyruvate oxidation allows for aerobic respiration to proceed in the presence of oxygen.
More electron carriers are reduced and travel to ETC.
- Explain the process of chemiosmosis:
Explain why electrons flow along the series of membrane-bound complexes that make up the electron transport chain (ETC)
Describe and be able to diagram how the flow of electrons along the ETC creates a proton motive force
Describe and be able to diagram how the proton motive force is used to produce ATP via ATP synthase
Explain why oxygen is required for aerobic respiration
Given a scenario involving blockage or breakdown of electron flow along the ETC, be able to predict the effect on the overall process of respiration Explain the benefit obtained by organisms that can use aerobic respiration in terms of overall ATP production per unit of glucose
a. Moving across membrane to establish proton concentration gradient. Allows oxidization of NADH and FADH2.
b. Proton motive force generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across membranes to establish equilibrium.
c electrochemical force provides free energy that drives ATP synthesis.
d. Oxygen reduction occurs which takes the free electrons and establishes the proton gradient.
e. aerobic respiration would stop. ATP production increases significantly with aerobic respiration.
- Explain how fermentation allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen and describe common features shared by all fermentation pathways
By freeing up NADH through oxidation
