OCR A Level ELSS - Entire Course 1 Flashcards
Importance of water on earth?
-oceans moderate temperatures by absorbing, storing and slowly releasing heat
-clouds reflect incoming solar radiation and lower surface temperatures
-water vapour absorbs long wave radiation from the earth and maintains global temps 15 degrees higher than they usually would be
Uses of water on Earth?
-Makes up 65-95% of living organisms and is vital for their growth, reproduction and metabolic functioning
-plants need water for photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration.
-water is used in all chemical reactions in humans and animals.
-important economic resource, used in agriculture, food manufacturing and to generate electricity.
Importance of carbon on earth?
-Life is carbon based, built on large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
Uses of carbon on Earth?
-economic resource, used in fossil fuels which power global economy
-agriculture, crops and forest trees store lots of carbon, used by humans for food, timber, paper, etc.
why is earth the only planet able to support life?
-climate - temperatures do not go from one extreme to the other
-light - all plants receive light from the sun which they need in order for photosynthesis
-atmosphere - breathable atmosphere, 21% oxygen and small amounts of CO2 (0..04%), atmosphere is kept on earth by gravity
-water - most important chemical needed to sustain life, drinkable and not acidic
-sun - in Goldilocks zone, right amount of heat and light to support life
spheres of the earth
-atmosphere (gas envelope surrounding the earth)
-biosphere (space between earth + atmosphere occupied by living organisms)
-lithosphere (crust + upper mantle, divided into tectonic plates)
-cryosphere (frozen part of earths surface)
-hydrosphere (all water on earths surface)
What is the Goldilocks zone?
-its ‘just the right distance’ from the sun to allow the presence of liquid water on earth
At a global scale, water and carbon flow in __________ systems (driven by the sun’s energy) between the ________________, the oceans, land and the _____________.
-closed
-atmosphere
-biosphere
The global water cycle consists of 3 main stores: the ______________, oceans and land. The oceans are the _____________ store and the atmosphere is the ______________.
-atmosphere
-biggest
-smallest
Water moves between stores by….
precipitation, evapotranspiration, run-off and groundwater flow.
Long term storage in sedimentary rocks holds…
99.9% of all carbon on earth.
Carbon in circulation moves rapidly between the…
atmosphere, the oceans, soil and the biosphere.
The main pathways between stores in the carbon cycle include…
photosynthesis, respiration, oxidation (decomposition, combustion), and weathering.
Systems are…
groups of objects and the relationships that bind the objects together
At smaller scales (drainage basin or forest ecosystem), ___________ as well as the sun’s energy cross system boundaries. These systems are….
-materials
-open systems
Sizes of stores of water?
Oceans- 97%
Ice caps + sheets- 2%
Groundwater- 0.7%
Lakes- 0.01%
Soils- 0.005%
Atmosphere- 0.001%
Rivers- 0.0001%
Biosphere- 0.00004%
Sizes of stores of carbon?
-Sedimentary rock- 60-100 million GT
-Ocean deep layer- 38,000 GT
-Fossil fuels- 4,130 GT
-Soil- 2300 GT
-Ocean surface- 700 GT
-Atmosphere- 600 GT
How much water does the global water circulate per year?
505, 000 km3 per year between stores
Inputs and outputs of water in the water cycle?
1)EVAPOTRANSPIRATION- water evaporates from surface water and land surface, and is transpired through leaves of plants
2)CONDENSATION + PRCIPITATION- occurs in atmosphere, vapour becomes liquid and is transferred to land as precipitation
3)ABLATION + SUBLIMATION- occurs when snow or ice melts, and sublimation occurs when ice turns into water vapour.
4)RUN OFF + FILTRATION - water runs off land surface into rivers, precipitation ends up as run off after infiltration in soil.
5)PERCOLATION- transfer of water to ground water stores (aquifers), returned to earth surface as springs.
Inputs + outputs of carbon in the carbon cycle?
1)PRECIPITATION-atmospheric CO2 dissolves in rainwater to form a weak carbonic acid, when precipitation happens CO2 flows back to lands and oceans- increased burning of fossil fuels increases acidity of rain + ocean water.
2)PHOTOSYNTHESIS - process by plants and phytoplankton, CO2 + water converted into glucose + oxygen, chemical energy stored in tissues
3)WEATHERING - involves the breakdown of rocks near earths surface by physical, mechanical and biological processes
4)RESPIRATION - process where glucose is converted back into carbon dioxide + water
-plants and animals absorb oxygen to burn carbohydrate stores to provide energy for metabolism and growth
5)DECOMPOSITION - carbon released as CO2 when organisms die by microorganisms carrying out respiration which also put mineral ions into soil
6) COMBUSTION - when organic material burns, CO2 locked up in the material is released with other gases like SO2
Evapotranspiration?
The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants.
sublimation?
when ice turns into water
ablation?
when glacial ice or sheets melt to release water
infiltration?
Downward movement of water through soil.