OCN Flashcards
cancer is the ___ leading cause of death in the US
second
examples of primary prevention
Strategies such as smoking cessation, diet, modification and exercise, promotion, early detection through cancer, screening and development of new agents such as vaccines
examples of secondary prevention
Detecting and treating cancer early
sensitivity
Refers to how sensitive a test is to the outcome for which it is testing
ex. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) which is sensitive to inflammation, but does not delineate exactly where the inflammation is occurring
Specificity
Refers to how accurate test will be in testing for one particular item
Ex. ESR is very specific for inflammation.
predictive value
Refers to the chance of test will have a false reading
ex. a false negative or false positive
mass screening
Testing that is done to a large group of people
ex. State mandated testing.
selective or prescriptive screening
Testing that is done for specific disease on patients who are at risk for developing that disease
ex. Genetic testing for the presence of a tumor marker.
Single screening
Done to check for the presence of a specific disease, such as hypercholesterolemia
multiple screening
Looking for at least two abnormalities at one time
ex. elevated cholesterol and PSA at the same time
Multiphasic screening
Looking at a person over period of time for the development of any conditions
ex. Well-child checkups
What is the most important factor in the management of breast cancer?
Early detection
at what age is annual mammography recommended to begin?
40
What type of imaging is recommended for screening for women with a 20 to 25% or greater lifetime risk of breast cancer?
MRI
What simple examination can women perform at home to screen for breast cancer? (The majority of palpable breast lumps are discovered this way).
Breast self examination
what is a woman’s first line of screening for breast cancer detection?
Breast self exams
How often should breast self exam be performed?
monthly, but not at the same time as her period
what does a mammogram involve?
From compression of the breast tissue, while an x-ray is taken to detect calcified tissue within the breast
ductal lavage
Sales are collected from the breast ducks, and examined for any changes. Used for women who are at higher risk for breast cancer.
At what age is screening for cervical cancer begin?
21
how often should screening for cervical cancer occur?
Every three years
what imaging is used for current or former smokers 55 to 74 years of age were those who have a smoking third history
Low-dose computed tomography
(chest x-rays are not recommended for lung cancer screening)
at what age did colon cancer screening begin?
50
What kind of familiar history makes someone at risk for colon cancer?
Family, history of colorectal, polyps, or colorectal cancer, IBS, or adenomatous polyposis
in what ways can we screen for colon cancer?
Fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy
Double contrast, barium enema , CT colon, stool, DNA test
Examples of tricyclic antidepressants
amitriptyline, imipramine
examples of SSRIs
paroxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, venlafaxine
antidepressants for insomnia
Mirtazapine and trazodone
cancer incidence rate
rate at which patients are newly diagnosed with cancer annually
