OChem Unit 3 Flashcards
R = CH2
Methylene
C = C bonded to a parent
Vinyl
3 carbon chain ending with a C = C
Allyl
What is a Configurational Isomer?
A Stereoisomer that cannot be interconverted by single bond rotation
Groups positioned on the same side of the C = C are called…
Cis groups
Groups positioned on opposite sides of the C = C are called
Trans groups
In the E/Z method, what does E stand for?
higher priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond
In the E/Z method, what does the Z stand for?
higher priority groups are on the same side of the double bond
What are sigma bonds?
Single bonds between molecules
What are pi bonds?
Double bonds between molecules
What is an Alkene Addition Reaction?
-pi bond breaks
-2 new sigma bonds are formed
What is a Hydrogenation Reaction?
-Addition of hydrogen
-Requires a catalyst (Ni, Pt, Pd)
-If a ring structure then hydrogen’s are added to the same side forming the syn-addition
What is a Halogenation Reaction?
-Addition of a halogen
-Product is an alkyl dihalide
-If a ring structure then halogens add to opposite sides forming the anti-addition
What is a Hydration Reaction?
-Addition of a water as H-OH
-Requires acid catalyst
-Product is an alcohol
What is an Addition of an Acid Reaction?
-Adds either an HX or a H2SO4 (H - OSO3H)
What is a carbocation?
A cation with a +1 formal charge on a carbon
What is Tertiary? Secondary? Primary? Methyl?
-Tertiary is a carbocation with 3 R groups
-Secondary is a carbocation with 2 R groups
-Primary is a carbocation with 1 R group
-Methyl is a carbocation with 0 R groups
What is a benzyllic carbocation?
When the positive charge is next to a benzene ring
What is a allylic carbocation?
positive charge is next to pi bonds that are not part of a benzene ring
What is a benzene ring?
Ring structure with alternating double single bonds
What is Markovnikov’s Rule?
The more electronegative part of an unsymmetric reagent bonds to the more substituted carbon of the double bond
What is an Electrophilic Addition?
A reaction between a nucleophile and an electrophile
What is a nucleophile?
A substance that is electron rich; they have a free pair of electrons that can form a bond
What is an electrophile?
A substance that is electron deficient; can accept electrons
What is a hydride shift?
When a hydrogen shifts from one carbon to another; must be adjacent
What is an alkyl shift?
An alkyl shifts from one carbon to an adjacent carbon
What is a hydroboration reaction?
Adds a BH3 to the less substituted carbon
What happens in oxidation?
An OH replaces the BH2 (hydroboration) on the less substituted carbon; makes an alcohol
What is an aldehyde?
A carbon double bonded to an Oxygen; also connected to another carbon and a hydrogen
What is a ketone?
A carbon double bonded to an Oxygen; also connected to two other carbons
What is Ozonolysis?
Produces either an aldehyde or a ketone; adds ozone; requires zinc (Zn) and acid (H+)
