OCHEM Functional Groups Flashcards
alkane
Alkene
Alkyne
Alcohol
ether
epoxide
haloalkane
aldehyde
ketone
carboxylic acid
acid anhydride
esther
amide
acyl halide
amine
nitrile
imine
isocyanate
azo compound
thiol
arene
What is an amide
The molecule has a nitrogen and a carbonyl group (c=o)
What is an amine
Molecule that has a carbon nitrogen bond
Characteristics of organic compounds
-bonds covalent
-many are gases, liquids, solids with low melting points
-most insoluble in water
-most soluble in organic solvents
-aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity
-almost all burn/decompose
-usually slow reactions
Characteristics of inorganic compounds
-ionic bonds
-high melting points
-most soluble in water
-almost all insoluble in organic solvents
-aqueous solution conduct electricity
-not a lot burn
-fast reactions
Properties of a hydroxyl group
-OH
-negatively charged (polar)
Polarity allows it to undergo hydrogen bonding
-hydrophilic (water loving)
-used to link molecules together; makes molecules more water soluble
Name 4 classes of hydrocarbons
Alkanes: carbon to carbon single bonds
Alkenes: carbon to carbon double bond
Alkynes: carbon to carbon triple bond
Arenes: one or more benzene like ring; alternating single/double bond in a ring
At room temp alkanes containing 1-4 carbons are?
Gas
Alkanes containing 5-17 carbons are ___ at room temp?
Colorless liquid
Alkanes with 18+ carbons at room temp are?
White and waxy substances
What degree is between hydrogens in an alkane?
109.5
What is an important physical property of alkanes and Alkenes
-completely lack polarity (non polar)= not soluble in water
-cannot form bonds with water molecules
think oils
____ react with ____ to form dioxide and water
What kind of reaction is that
Alkanes react with oxygen
Called oxidation or combustion
Define benzene and arenes
Benzene: hydrocarbons in the shape of a ring
Arenes: contain one or more benzene rings; have odor, usually called aromatics
Properties of carboxylic acids
Contains a carboxyl group ( C=O and -OH)
Can act as acids
Strong proton donors
Found in fatty acids
Define amino acids
Molecules that contain both amine and carboxylic acid functional groups
What two classes contain carbonyl groups (C=O)
Aldehydes and ketones
Define an aldehyde
Contains carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen
Describe a ketone
Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbons
What are local anesthetics classified as
Esters or amides
Depending on the structure of the bond
Name the amide local anesthetics
Lidocaine
Prilocaine
Articaine
Mepivacaine
Bupivacaine
Name the ester local anesthetics
Benzocaine
Cocaine
Procaine
Physical properties of ethers
-one oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms
-polar
-weak attraction forces
-inert to most chemical reactions
-good solvent
What was the first inhaled anesthetic used for surgery
Diethyl ether
Identify this molecule
Isoflurane
Identify this molecule
Desflurane
Identify this molecule
Sevoflurane
what makes up amino acid structure
amino group
carboxyl group
side chain
hydrogen
How much ATP is generated with glycolysis?
2
Dalton’s law
Law of partial pressures says that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture
define glycolysis
process of breaking down glucose
define gluconeogenesis
synthesis of new glucose from non carbohydrate precursors (lactate, glycerol, amino acids)
define glycogenesis
the creation of glycogen from glucose
define glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen back to glucose
how many ATP is generated from the Krebs cycle
2 ATP
how many ATP is generated from oxidative phosphorylation
32 ATP total (Krebs, and glycolysis included)
how much atp is generated by beta oxidation
129 ATP
what is the primary energy source for the heart
beta oxidation
what does adenine bind to
thymine
what does guanine bind to
cytosine
