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Earth and Space > Oceans (Unit 8A) > Flashcards

Oceans (Unit 8A) Flashcards

1
Q

What is oceanography?

A

The science of our oceans that mixes biology, geology, chemistry, and physics to unravel the mysteries of our seas

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2
Q

What percentage of Earth’s ocean water is the pacific ocean?

A

44%

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3
Q

What percentage of Earth’s ocean water is the Atlantic ocean?

A

28%

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4
Q

What percentage of Earth’s ocean water is the Indian ocean?

A

19%

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5
Q

What percentage of Earth’s ocean water is the Southern/Antarctic ocean?

A

5%

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6
Q

What percentage of Earth’s ocean water is the Arctic ocean?

A

4%

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7
Q

Average depth of the Pacific ocean:

A

2.7 miles

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8
Q

Average depth of the Atlantic ocean:

A

2.4 miles

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9
Q

Average depth of the Indian ocean:

A

2.4 miles

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10
Q

Average depth of the Arctic ocean:

A

0.65 miles

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11
Q

Pacific ocean characteristics:

A

largest and deepest, mountain building along convergent boundaries, ring of fire, volcanic islands, mariana trench

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12
Q

Atlantic ocean characteristics:

A

2nd largest ocean, mid-atlantic ridge, few islands, large sediment deposits from rivers, Amazon and Congo- 25% of world’s river discharge

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13
Q

Indian ocean characteristics:

A

3rd largest ocean, mostly in southern hemisphere, abundant fresh water due to river discharge (Ganges, Brahmaptura, Indus)

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14
Q

Southern (Antarctic) ocean characteristics:

A

Defined in the year 2000, starts at 60 degree south latitude and surrounds Antarctica

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15
Q

Arctic ocean characteristics:

A

Smallest and shallowest, surrounds North Pole, almost completely surrounded by land, covered with sea ice most of the year, extension of the Atlantic

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16
Q

The global ocean covers [ ] percent of the Earth’s surface

A

71%

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17
Q

The global ocean makes up [ ] percent of all water on Earth

A

97%

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18
Q

What causes tides?

A

Gravitational force of the sun and the moon

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19
Q

Does the sun or the moon have a bigger influence on tides?

A

the moon

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20
Q

What is tidal range?

A

the difference in ocean level between high and low tides

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21
Q

Where is the tidal range greatest at?

A

Bay of Fundy

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22
Q

Diurnal tidal pattern:

A

1 high, 1 low each lunar day

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23
Q

Semidiurnal tidal pattern:

A

2 high, 2 low of similar height each lunar day

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24
Q

Mixed tidal pattern:

A

Characteristics of both, significantly different heights

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25
Q

What is a tidal bore and what causes it?

A

A “true tidal wave”, moves up a low-lying river, “surf-able”. Caused by incoming high tide

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26
Q

During a neap tide, what angle is the Earth-Moon-Sun system?

A

right angle

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27
Q

During a spring tide, what angle is the Earth-Moon-Sun system

A

aligned (one straight line)

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28
Q

Neap tide- (type of: interference, tidal range, moon phases)

A

Destructive interference, small tidal range (higher than normal low tides, lower than normal high tides), occurs during 1st and 3rd quarter moon phases

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29
Q

Spring tide- (type of: interference, tidal range, moon phases)

A

Constructive interference, larger tidal range (lower than normal low tides, higher than normal high tides), occurs during full and new moon phases

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30
Q

ENSO stands for:

A

El nino southern oscillation

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31
Q

Normal year: Western pacific conditions

A

low pressure, rainy, warm

32
Q

Normal year: Eastern pacific conditions

A

high pressure, dry, cold

33
Q

During a normal year, thermocline location [ ], and trade wind direction is from [ ]

A

upwelling , east to west

34
Q

El nino year: Western pacific conditions

A

high pressure, dry, cold

35
Q

El nino year: Eastern pacific conditions

A

low pressure, rainy, warmer than normal

36
Q

During an el nino year, thermocline location [ ], and trade wind direction is from [ ]

A

flattens , west to east

37
Q

La nina year: Western pacific conditions

A

low pressure, very rainy, warm

38
Q

La nina year: Eastern pacific conditions

A

High pressure, dry, extremely cold

39
Q

During la nina year, thermocline location [ ], and trade wind direction is from [ ]

A

Increases , east to west

40
Q

In the United States we are affected by which pacific conditions?

A

East

41
Q

Northern Hemisphere is aka [ ] because it is [ ] percent of land

A

land , 39%

42
Q

Southern hemisphere is aka [ ] because it is only [ ] percent of land

A

Water , 19%

43
Q

3 reasons why ocean circulation is important

A

transports heat from equator to poles, transport nutrients & organisms, influences weather & climate

44
Q

surface ocean currents are caused by [ ] driven by the [ ]

A

winds , Corriolis effect

45
Q

Surface currents are also known as… ?

A

gyres

46
Q

Surface currents in the Northern hemisphere move in what direction?

A

clockwise

47
Q

Surface currents in the Southern hemisphere move in what direction?

A

counterclockwise

48
Q

warm currents are [ ] and cool currents are [ ]

A

fast , slow

49
Q

Thermohaline

A

Convective circulation caused by temperature & salinity

50
Q

Upwelling

A

force that vertically moves cooler, nutrient-rich water up from the deep ocean

51
Q

What is the driving force behind deep ocean circulation

A

upwelling

52
Q

Salinity

A

Amount of dissolved salt water, usually expressed in parts per thousand (ppt)

53
Q

Average salinity:

A

33-38 ppt, approx. 3.3%-3.8%

54
Q

What three things do salts come from

A

weathering & erosion of rocks and minerals, outgassing from Earth’s interior, and hard parts of marine organisms

55
Q

To increase salinity-

A

remove water: through evaporation and formation of sea ice

56
Q

To decrease salinity-

A

add water: through precipitation and sea ice melting

57
Q

[ ] varies with depth because of the thermocline

A

Temperature

58
Q

Thermocline

A

where warm water rapidly changes to cool water

59
Q

rapid decrease in temp with depth

A

near equator

60
Q

no rapid change in temp with depth

A

near poles

61
Q

density depends on

A

salinity and temperature

62
Q

what determines water’s vertical position in the ocean

A

density

63
Q

more dense water is

A

cooler and salty, it sinks

64
Q

Least dense water is

A

warm and not salty, it rises

65
Q

Study of ocean floor features

A

bathymetry

66
Q

first major scientific study of the oceans was by the

A

HMS challenger

67
Q

shallow water area found in proximity to continents

A

continental margin

68
Q

submerged edge of the continent, gentle slope away from shore, lots of resources

A

continental shelf

69
Q

steep slope from the continental shelf to the ocean

A

continental slope

70
Q

raised wedge at the base of the continental slope; sediment collects here

A

continental rise

71
Q

a valley that cuts into the continental shelf and slope; caused by underwater river flow or earthquakes

A

submarine canyons

72
Q

SUPER deep, v-shaped underwater valley, formed at convergent plate boundaries

A

deep-ocean trenches

73
Q

flat area of deep-ocean basin; covered in sediment

A

abyssal plains

74
Q

submerged volcano, possibly active

A

seamounts

75
Q

flat-topped, inactive submerged seamount, aka “tablemount”

A

guyots

76
Q

underwater mountain range at divergent boundary; site of hydrothermal vents

A

ocean ridges

77
Q

island formed by coral around an extinct volcano, “coral reef”

A

atolls

Earth and Space (1 decks)

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