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Oceans Geology > Oceans Midterm > Flashcards

Oceans Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Oceanography?

A

Application of all science to study the oceans (interdisciplinary and collaborative)

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2
Q

Percent of Earth, ocean?

A

71%

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3
Q

Oceans what percent of water supply?

A

97%

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4
Q

What percent of US pop. lives within 50 miles of the ocean or Great Lakes?

A

Over 50%

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5
Q

Coastal development a problem?

A

yes

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6
Q

Important resource for…

A

oil, natural gas, metals, iodine, bromine, magnesium, phosphate, salt, sand, gravel, etc

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7
Q

How do oceans influence climate and weather?

A

they moderate the temp

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8
Q

Law of the Sea Treaty

A

first organized by U.N. in 1958, exclusive economic zone, regulate fishing, minerals, oil, safeguard environment, studies

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9
Q

US has the most EEZ

A

30% > US land area

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10
Q

Territorial waters

A

out 12 nautical miles

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11
Q

O: Chemical

A

seawater composition, chemical reactions, evolution of seawater, pollution, etc

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12
Q

O: Geological/Geophysics

A

ocean basins (origin, structure, sediments, coastlines, paleoclimate, magnetics), mineral resources

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13
Q

O: Physical

A

currents,waves, tides, temp, salinity, density

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14
Q

O; Biological

A

environment, critters, food chain

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15
Q

Ocean engineering

A

exploring for oil, exploitation, sea walls, oceans as an energy resource, naval architectures, marine policy

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16
Q

Posidonius

A

135BCE, Mediterranean was aprox 1000 fathoms deep

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17
Q

Magellon

A

early 1500s, Pacific > 600ft, found no bottom

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18
Q

Sir John Ross

A

1818, real success, Baffin Bay 6300ft

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19
Q

By 1500s, basic knowledge….

A

deeper water is colder, salinity varied a little, first submersible

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20
Q

Matthew Fountaine Maury

A

Founder of physical oceanography, organized currents, wind, weather info, made charts/maps, first bathymetric maps

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21
Q

First systematic ocean study US

A

6 ships, not well run, Albatros built to study oceans

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22
Q

Bathspheres

A

great depth, lowered on cable, tethered to surface

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23
Q

Bathyscaph

A

navigate, “Trieste” in mariana trench

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24
Q

2003 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

A

initiated by US and Japan

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25
Q

Submersibles

A

by 1970 about 60 of them, most famous: Alvin

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26
Q

SONAR

A

“sound navigation and ranging”

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27
Q

Satellites

A

opex poseidan, determines sea level

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28
Q

GPS

A

location of ship, triangulation technique using 3 or more satellites, distance between receiver on earth

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29
Q

How many oceans are there?

A

3-5…(Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern?, Arctic?

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30
Q

Properties of water

A

it can dissolve stuff, heats and cools more slowly than other liquids, density decreases when it becomes a solid

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31
Q

How many electrons to chemically bond?

A

8

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32
Q

Covalent or ionic bonds stronger?

A

covalent

33
Q

Dipolar molecule

A

one side pos, one neg…but still neutral

34
Q

latent heat

A

heat needed to change phases or states

35
Q

To evaporate water totally, boil at?

A

100 degrees C

36
Q

Can water gain/lose a lot of heat without changing temp?

A

yes

37
Q

Rocks have a low or high heat capacity?

A

low

38
Q

Marine/Lake effect

A

moderates temp

39
Q

Continental effect

A

land has a greater day/night temp range and during seasons

40
Q

Salinity

A

amount of dissolved ions or substances

41
Q

S(parts per million) =

A

1.80655 x chlorinity (parts per million)

42
Q

Salinometer

A

converts conductivity to salinity

43
Q

Ocean salinity?

A

33 to 38 ppm

44
Q

Salinity varies more at…?

A

coastal areas

45
Q

greater evaporation =….

A

raised salinity

46
Q

Sea water’s top two elements?

A

Chloride and Sodium

47
Q

Residence time

A

avg length of time that something remain in the sea…(amount in sea)/(rate entering rivers

48
Q

Oceans been around 3.4billion years, salinity has been constant for about?

A

1.5billion years

49
Q

Addition of salt modifies seawater…

A

adding salt lowers freezing point

50
Q

Density _____ with salinity

A

increases

51
Q

3 of the main physical properties oceanographers use

A

temp, salinity, density

52
Q

Density __ as temp __ and salinity __ and pressure __

A

raises, lowers, raises, raises

53
Q

Isotherms

A

lines of equal temp

54
Q

Salinity decrease

A

precipitation, runoff, ice melting

55
Q

Salinity increase

A

evaporation

56
Q

Pycnocline

A

rapid change in density, 18% of ocean basin

57
Q

Deep layer

A

80% of ocean volume

58
Q

Where did all the water come from?

A

volcanic activity, comets

59
Q

Plate tectonics

A

greek: to build

60
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

german climatologist and geophysicist

61
Q

Pangea evidence..

A

fit of the continents, correlation across ocean basins, paleoclimate

62
Q

Granite…

A

continental crust

63
Q

Basalt…

A

oceanic crust

64
Q

Oceanic plate…

A

thinner, denser, basalt comp.

65
Q

Continental plate…

A

thicker, less dense, granite comp.

66
Q

DIVERGENT

A

midocean ridges, processes: seasfloor formation, volcanism, high heat flow, earthquakes, BajaCali Mexico RedSea

67
Q

CONVERGENT

A

A) continental oceanic, processes: seafloor recycled, earthquakes, volcanism.
B) oceanic oceanic, Japan Indonesia Philipines
C) continental continental, processes: mountain building, earthquake HimalayaMountains

68
Q

Continental slope…

A

true edge of the continent, silt & clay, 4 degree av slope

69
Q

Continental rise…

A

little relief, .5-1degrees, less than or equal to 10km thick

70
Q

Abyssal plain…

A

very flat, sediment covering irregularities in basalt below,.,slumps, wind, critters, turbidity currents, (oceanic trenches trap sediment)

71
Q

Mid-ocean ridge…

A

elevated because hot, 1000s km wide, pillow basalts

72
Q

course->

A

high velocity high energy

73
Q

fine->

A

lower velocity lower energy

74
Q

Active Margins…

A

plate boundary and coastline coincide, convergent plate boundary, SF destroyed, earthquakes, volcanism, mountain building

75
Q

Passive Margins…

A

coastline w/o plate boundaries, few earthquakes, no volcanism, no SF destruction, typically wide continental shelves, wide beaches, deltas, coral reefs

76
Q

Transitional intersection of transform fault & coastline(margin)

A

no subduction zone, horizontal movement of faults, typically narrow shelf

77
Q

Deep sea or oceanic trenches…

A

v-shaped, 1000s km long

78
Q

Submarine canyons…

A

large v-shaped canyons, cut the slope rise and sometimes the shelf, perpendicular to shore, sometimes associated with rivers, formed by turbidity currents

79
Q

Turbidity current…

A

dense slurry of mud and water, can be caused by slumping or earthquakes, brings sediments to abyssal plains, 10,000 years between turbidity currens

Oceans Geology (1 decks)

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