Oceanogroahy

Question 1

Would you expect warm or cold weather at a low-pressure point?

Answer 1

Warm and wet meaning less dense equals a lower pressure.

Question 2

Would you expect warm or cold weather at a high-pressure point?

Answer 2

Cold means denser equals a higher pressure.

Question 3

What is a common current system in all large ocean basins?

Answer 3

Gyros

Question 4

Geostrophic flow?

Answer 4

When the forces working on the fluid is weaker then the force of the rotation of the earth and makes the Coriolis the determining factor for the direction of the motion.

Question 5

What is the net transport of water due to wind in the northern hemisphere?

Answer 5

90 degrees to the right

Question 6

What is the net transport of water due to wind in the southern hemisphere?

Answer 6

90 degrees to the left

Question 7

What is the movement of water at right angles called?

Answer 7

Ekman transport

Question 8

How is upwelling caused by the Ekman transport?

Answer 8

When wind blowing along the shore is deflected at a 90-degree angle the water is moving away offshore and causing water to be replaced by upwelling of deeper ocean water that also brings nutrients to the surface, high productivity zones.

Question 9

How is downwelling caused by the Ekman transport?

Answer 9

If the wind is blowing along the shore in the opposite direction the wind is deflected at a 90-degrees angle pushing the water towards the shore and therefore causing downwelling as the water piles up… making them less productive.

Question 10

What are the three wind directions at the global latitudes from the equator to poles horizontally?

Answer 10

Easterly, the westerly, easterly, wind is always defined as where it blows from.

Question 11

What happens at the equator due to the wind?

Answer 11

Piling up, upwelling at the equator due to easterly winds in opposite directions, just as along the coasts bringing nutrients and primary productivity.

Question 12

What is another cause at the equator by the wind?

Answer 12

Gyros

Question 13

What are the three different cells called from the equator to the pole?

Answer 13

Hadley, Ferrel and Polar (had will ferrel a polo on?)

Question 14

What direction do these move in?

Answer 14

The wind moves vertically, due to heating and cooling causing density difference and therefore sinking.

Question 15

Zonal or meridional what’s the difference?

Answer 15

Zonal is east-west and meridional is north-south.

Question 16

What units is used for

Answer 16

????

Question 17

What’s the grounding line?

Answer 17

The boundary between the ice sheet shelves and contact with the ground.

Question 18

Starting from ice sheet out to open water, what sediments can be expected?

Answer 18

Subglacial till, glaciomarine sediments (after the grounding line), ice-rafted debris, open marine sediments.

Question 19

How can glaciomarine debris be identified?

Answer 19

By fine graning towards the open water, stratification, increase of diatoms and forams.

Question 20

Are diatoms and radiolarians calcite or siliceous?

Answer 20

Siliceous

Question 21

Are foraminifera and coccolithophores calcite or siliceous? And who is the primary producer vs. consumer?

Answer 21

Calcite, forams are consumers and coccolithophores are primary producers.

Question 22

What does ice-rafted debris contain?

Answer 22

Coarse glacial debris deposited in finer sediment environment

Question 23

What sediment expected for open marine sediments? And rich in what plankton/benthic?

Answer 23

Clays and muds, rich in diatoms which are siliceous…

Question 24

What sediment is expected for open marine sediments? And rich in what plankton/benthic?

Answer 24

Clays and muds, rich in diatoms which are siliceous…

Question 25

What are some glacial landforms on continental shelves?

Answer 25

Lineations, meltwater channels, trough mouths fan and canyons, grounding zone wedges and moraines, plough marks (chaotic pattern compared to lineations).

Question 26

What is the role of continental shelf research?

Answer 26

Changes in the terrestrial environment (since large input of terrestrial sediment from rivers etc.), where, when and how ice sheets deliverd sediment to the ocean, inetraction between ice amrgin and ocean margins

Question 27

What unit should sedimentation rate be given in?

Answer 27

cm/kyr

Question 28

What are the heat fluxes at the earth surface?

Answer 28

Longwave RADIATION, shortwaves RADIATION, latent heat flux EVAPORATION, sensible-heat flux DIFFERENCE in air/sea or air/land

Question 29

What’s latent heat flux?

Answer 29

EVAPORATION - Latent heat flux is the flux of energy from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere

Question 30

Does short wave or long wave have higher frequency / more or less energy?

Answer 30

Short wave have a higher frequency and higher energy/warmer, longwave have lower frequency and less enegy/cooler.

Question 31

Hydrostatic balance? And what units is it given in?

Answer 31

AT REST. When only gravity is working on the water column. N/m2

Question 32

What unit for pressure force?

Answer 32

kg/m3