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Oceanography > Oceanography Final > Flashcards

Oceanography Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is Oceanography?

A

the branch of earth science that studies all aspects of the marine environments

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2
Q

what are the four branches of oceanography?

A

geology, chemistry, physics, biology

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3
Q

what are the 5 ocean basins?

A

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Artic

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4
Q

what are the layers of earth?

A

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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5
Q

which crust is thick, lightweight, and made of granite?

A

continental crust

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6
Q

which crust is thin, dense, and made of basalt?

A

oceanic crust

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7
Q

which layer of earth is made of liquid?

A

outer core

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8
Q

what is the age of the earth vs the age of the oceanic crust?

A

4.6 bil vs 200 mil

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9
Q

who created the theory of Pangea and continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegner

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10
Q

what was evidence for alfred wegners theory?

A

same species found in different continents

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11
Q

advances in technology that provided evidence for plate tectonics include…

A

sonar maps of seafloor and magnetometer for magnetic field in oceanic crust

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12
Q

who created the seafloor spreading hypothesis?

A

Harry Hess

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13
Q

what is seafloor spreading?

A

Seafloor is created and the MOR moves away from mantle convection

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14
Q

where is youngest seafloor and oldest seaflooor located?

A

youngest at MOR and oldest in pacific

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15
Q

what is paleomagnetism?

A

seafloor records a record of recersals in earths magnetic field

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16
Q

how does paleomagnetism work?

A

magnetic minerals in lava align with the magnetic field

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17
Q

what is the wilson cycle?

A

formation of ocean basins and super continents

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18
Q

what are the stages of the wilson cycle and their locations?

A

Embryonic east africa, Juvenile mediterranean, Mature atlantic, Declining pacific, Terminal red sea, Suturing himilayas

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19
Q

what area of land sits on the mid atlantic ridge and hotspot?

A

Iceland

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

convergent, divergent, transform

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21
Q

what is a convergent boundary and where?

A

subducting, colliding, trenches in pacific

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22
Q

what is a divergent boundary and where?

A

MOR, new seafloor made, atlantic

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23
Q

what is a transform boundary and where?

A

nothing created/destroyed, san andreas fault

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24
Q

what drives plate tectonics?

A

mantle convection and slab pull

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25
Q

what are volcanic arcs formed by?

A

subduction

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26
Q

what are volcanic chains formed by?

A

hotspots

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27
Q

where is the ring of fire and what would you find there?

A

pacific ocean and volcanoes

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28
Q

what is a transform fault?

A

offset spreading along MOR, has shallow earthquakes, and plate boundary

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29
Q

what is a fracture zone?

A

extension of transform fault, no earthquake, no plate boundary

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30
Q

what is a hotspot?

A

a remained fixed spot where point sources magma, oceanic/continental

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31
Q

what makes up the tectonic (lithospheric) plates?

A

crust and brittle/rigid upper mantle

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32
Q

where do you find deep or shallow earthquakes?

A

deep=convergent, shallow=all three

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33
Q

what is the average spreed of sound in the ocean?

A

1500m/s

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34
Q

Mapping techniques include…

A

echo sounding, multi beam bathymetry, satellite altimetry, side scan sonar, multi channel

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35
Q

what is bathymetry?

A

measuring shape and depth of seafloor?

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36
Q

define countour

A

a line connecting points of equal value

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37
Q

what are the three major ocean provinces?

A

continental margin, deep ocean basin, mid ocean ridge

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38
Q

what are the characteristics of a continental margin?

A

shallow, close to shore

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39
Q

what are the characteristics of a deep ocean basin?

A

deep, far from land

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40
Q

what are the characteristics of a MOR?

A

submarine mountain range

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41
Q

what is a passive margin and where do you find it?

A

not a plate boundary, no tectonic activity, NE/atlantic coast

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42
Q

what is an active margin and where do you find it?

A

lots of tectonic activity, convergent/transform, Chile coast

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43
Q

what are the major features of a passive margin?

A

shelf, shelf break, slope, rise, plain

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44
Q

what is an eez?

A

exclusive economic zone

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45
Q

why are abyssal plains flat and where are they?

A

sea snow fills in between spaces and deep ocean basins

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46
Q

what is trench?

A

scars in floor that are narrow/deep, associated with subduction zones

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47
Q

what are features of an MOR?

A

transform faults/fracture zones, pillow basalts, hydrothermal vents

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48
Q

what are some hydrothermal vent organisms?

A

clams, mussels, tubeworms, bacteria

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49
Q

what is chemosynthesis?

A

hot water covered in chemcials that is absorbed by bacteria and uses the hydrogen sulfide

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50
Q

what are plankton?

A

floaters like diatoms radiolarians, copepods, jellyfish

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51
Q

what are nekton?

A

free swimmers like fish, whales, dolphins

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52
Q

what are benthos?

A

bottom dwellers like crabs, flounder, starfish

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53
Q

what is are the inputs of a sand budget?

A

sediments eroded from backshore cliffs by waves, brought by rivers, eroded from upcurrent beach by longshore drift

54
Q

what are the outputs of a sand budget?

A

sediment moved to backshore dunes by offshore winds, water by tidal currents, down current by longshore drift

55
Q

where is local sea level rise twice as fast?

A

chesepeak bay?

56
Q

what is the average ocean salinity?

A

35 ppt

57
Q

what is the recipe for a hurricane?

A

warm water evaporates, moist air condensation, coriolis effect

58
Q

what are the major parts of a beach?

A

offshore, foreshore, backshore

59
Q

what is a shoreline?

A

line that marks the contact between land and sea

60
Q

what are some shoreline features?

A

barrier islands, spits, arches, cliffs

61
Q

what is coastal erosion?

A

coast moves inland from sea level, beach moves with shoreline, beaches not eroded

62
Q

what are four shoreline hardenings?

A

seawalls, groins, jetties, and breakwater

63
Q

what are the four types of estuaries?

A

coastal plain, fjord, bar build, tectonic

64
Q

what are the importance of wetlands?

A

they filter out toxins and nurse fish

65
Q

what are the types of pollution?

A

petroleum, sewage sludge, trash, mercury, ddt

66
Q

what are the 4 types of marine sediments?

A

terrigenous, biogenous, hydrogenous, cosmogenous

67
Q

what does sediment texture tell us?

A

indicates depositional environment, distance/time of transportation process

68
Q

what forms calcareous ooze?

A

foraminifera and coccolithophores

69
Q

what forms siliceous ooze?

A

radiolarians and diatoms

70
Q

what makes oozes?

A

at least 50% biogenic material and rest is clay

71
Q

what are featuers of neritic sediments?

A

coarse grain, mostly terrigenous, turbidity currents

72
Q

what are features of pelagic sediments?

A

finer grain, deposited slowly, volcanic ash/wind dust/abyssal clay

73
Q

what are factors that control sediment distirbution?

A

productivity, destruction/dissolution, dilution

74
Q

what are two factors that affect how much carbonic acid is in seawater?

A

pressure and temp

75
Q

what is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) more soluable in?

A

deeper and colder water

76
Q

define lyscoline

A

depth at which a significant amount of caco3 begins to dissolve rapidly

77
Q

define CCD

A

calcite compensation depth wehre caco3 dissolves

78
Q

where are the thickest sediments located?

A

continental shelves

79
Q

where are the thinnest sediments located?

A

MOR

80
Q

define paleoceanography

A

deciphering earth history by studying marine sediments

81
Q

what are fecal pellets?

A

poop that reveals surface ocean conditions

82
Q

what are 5 sediment collection methods?

A

dredge, grab sampling, gravity coring, piston coring, drilling

83
Q

what are some resources from marine sediments?

A

oil/gas, methane hydrates, sand/gravel, manganese nodules, metal sulfides, salt

84
Q

where would you find resources from the ocean?

A

continental shelves/margins

85
Q

what is chalk made from?

A

coccolithophores

86
Q

define albdeo

A

reflectivity of a surface 0-100%

87
Q

define insolation

A

amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the earth

88
Q

where is the source of all ocean and circulation from?

A

the sun

89
Q

define coriolis effect

A

varies by latitude, caused by the rotationof the earth, deflection to right in north and left in south

90
Q

what are the three global atmospheric circulation cells?

A

Hadley, ferrel, polar

91
Q

what are the major wind belts?

A

trade winds, westerlies, polar easterlies

92
Q

define air density

A

function of air temp and water vapor content/humidity

93
Q

low pressure is from what?

A

warm, humid air rises

94
Q

high pressure is from what?

A

cold, dry air sinks

95
Q

wind moves from…

A

high pressure to low pressure

96
Q

what drives local wind patterns?

A

heat capacity of rock vs water

97
Q

what way do storms and hurricans rotate?

A

counterclockwise

98
Q

what are the two major types of ocean circulation?

A

thermohaline and surface currents

99
Q

defines surface currents

A

takes place in the mixed layer in the shallow ocean

100
Q

what are surface currents measured by?

A

agro floats

101
Q

what are surface currents modified by?

A

continents and Coriolis

102
Q

what are gyres?

A

closed loops of warm and cool currents

103
Q

what is upwelling?

A

cold, nutrient rich water from deep rises to surface

104
Q

what is downwelling

A

warm, nutrient poor water from the surface sinks

105
Q

what is density in the ocean dependent on?

A

temp, salinity, pressure

106
Q

what are the water masses

A

nadw, aabw

107
Q

define isothermal

A

one temperature

108
Q

define isopycnal

A

one density

109
Q

what are polar to

A

high latitude is less stratifide

110
Q

what are polar oceans mixed like

A

well mixed with nutritents, oxygen, good for ecosystems

111
Q

what are the Nino/as

A

short term climate flunctiations involving interactions between the ocean and atmosphere

112
Q

W tropical pacific is…

A

sst drops, sea level drops, thermocline rises

113
Q

E tropical pacific is…

A

sst rises, sea level up, thermocline deepens

114
Q

what are the consequencess of el nino?

A

major shifts in planetary scale ocean/atmosphere circulations, collapse of fisheries

115
Q

how are predicitons of el nino made?

A

deep sea moorings

116
Q

define greenhosue effect

A

atmospheric gases absorb heat emitted from surface of earth

117
Q

what are the effects of global warming?

A

shift in species distribution, more intense storms, changes in circulation, shift in rain/drought, rising sea level, ocean acidification

118
Q

how do you change global sea level?

A

volume of water and thermal expansion of water

119
Q

what do covalent bonds do?

A

share electrons

120
Q

what do ionic bonds do?

A

opposite attract, give electrons

121
Q

why is water so important?

A

capacity to store/release heat, forms of liquid solid gas

122
Q

define latent heat

A

heat absorbed or released during state changes

123
Q

define heat capacity

A

amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of any substance by 1 degree

124
Q

define calorie

A

amount of heat required to raise temp of 1g of water by 1 degree C

125
Q

ocean water is slightly what?

A

basic 7

126
Q

what is ocean buffering?

A

ability of the oceans to maintain a near constant pH of 8.1 through chemical reactions that create or dissolve clacium carbonate

127
Q

how much co2 does the ocean absorb?

A

33%

128
Q

what zones are intertidal habitats?

A

sandy beach, salt marsh, rocky shore

129
Q

what are bathypelagic fishes

A

bioluminescent fish

130
Q

what features are at polar regions?

A

salinity lowers, lots of precipitation

131
Q

what features are at mid-latitudes?

A

salinity higher, high rate of evaporation

132
Q

what features are at the equator?

A

salinity lowers, lots of rain

Oceanography (1 decks)

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