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OCSC7100 > oceanography > Flashcards

oceanography Flashcards

1
Q

origin/meaning of oceanography

A

okeanos - Oceanus

graphia - recording/ describing

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2
Q

why oceanography isn’t really a correct term

A

oceanology = study of oceans

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3
Q

oceanography as a pure science

A

not. it is a compilation of biology, chemistry, physics, geology.

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4
Q

3 broad stages of ocean exploration

A

1,2 Early investigations

3. Modern investigations

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5
Q

Early investigations focused on

A

exploring oceans
exploring landmasses
early scientific investigation of ocean

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6
Q

Early oceanography, the explorers

A

James Cook
Robert Fitzroy
Wyville Thomson
Fridtjof Nansen

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7
Q

Early oceanography, the time

A

1700-1900 CE

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8
Q

James Cook

A

1768-1779
3 major voyages
mapped NZ and Aust
data: geo, bio, currents, tides, temps

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9
Q

Robert Fitzroy and Charles Darwin

A

1831-1836
HMS Beagle
South America, Galapagos

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10
Q

Came out of the HMS Beagles expedition

A

Two major ecological theories

  1. Atoll formation
  2. Natural selection
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11
Q

Wyville Thomson

A

1872-1876
Circled globe
Explore abyss
data: water chem, temp, currents, biota, sedimentary

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12
Q

Major Thomson discoveries

A

Refuted abiotic abyss theory
Recorded 7000+ species down to 9km
First sea-bottom topography charts

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13
Q

Abiotic abyss theory

A

Forbes

no species in abyss

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14
Q

Nansen

A

1893-1896
circulation of Arctic ocean
Drifted in boat (Fram) for three years locked in sea ice off Siberia, about 2km/yr

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15
Q

Nansen discoveries

A

no polar continent
water depths along path
water-mass structure
circulation patterns

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16
Q

Modern Oceanography

A

1900+ CE
Marine institutes
German scientists
Collaborations

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17
Q

Marine institutes

A

beginning of educating people in oceanography
Scripps, 1903, California
Woods Hole, 1930, Mass.

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18
Q

German scientists

A

1925-1927
Survey S Atlantic
Echo sounding
Vertical profiles

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19
Q

Major collaborations

A

International geophysical year, 1957-1958
International Indian ocean expedition, 1959-1965
Deep sea drilling project, 1968-1975

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20
Q

Major discoveries of deep sea drilling project

A

seafloor spreading

plate tectonics

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21
Q

Current/ future research

A
  • International efforts (cost)

- Technology

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22
Q

Oceanography technology

A

Submersibles (Alvin)
ROV (Jason)
Computers (Modelling)
Satellites (GPS)

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23
Q

Earths interior, sections

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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24
Q

Earth’s crust

A

solid
35-50km, 0.4%
Al, Si, O

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25
Q

Earth’s Mantle

A

Solid / plastic
2900 km, 68%
Mg, Fe, Si, O

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26
Q

Outer core

A

Molten

2200km thick

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27
Q

inner core

A

Solid
1300km
Fe, Ni

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28
Q

Earths divisions based on physical characteristics

A 
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer core
Inner core
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29
Q

Lithosphere

A

Rigid and brittle

Crust + upper mantle

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30
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Plastic
intermediate mantle
T>P

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31
Q

Mesosphere

A

rigid
lower mantle
P>T

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32
Q

Outer core physical state

A

molten Fe-Ni alloys

T>P

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33
Q

Inner core physical state

A

solid Fe-Ni alloys

P>T

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34
Q

Earths spheres

A

Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere

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35
Q

Hydrosphere

A

all ‘free’ water
97% in ocean
10% of total water

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36
Q

Atmosphere

A

gases

N 79%, O 16%

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37
Q

Remaining 90% of water, not in hydrosphere

A

locked in rocks

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38
Q

Biosphere

A

living and non-living
thin but dynamic
organic - C, H, O

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39
Q

Measurement of seafloor topography based on depth

A

bathymetry

greatly improved after WWII

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40
Q

physiographic provinces

A

Continental margins
deep ocean basins
midocean ridges

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41
Q

Parts of continental margin

A

continental shelf
continental slope
continental rise

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42
Q

Continental shelf

A

up to 1000km wide
0.5 deg slope
ends at 130-200m depth

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43
Q

continental slope

A

2-3km deep
4 deg slope
steep, v-shape canyons

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44
Q

continental rise

A

up to 500km wide
1 deg slope
base up to 4km deep

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45
Q

Deep ocean basin

A

beyond margin

several bathymetric features

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46
Q

bathymetric features

A

Abyssal plains
abyssal hills
seamounts
deep-sea trenches

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47
Q

Abyssal plain

A

3-5km deep
100-1000m thick
<0.5 deg slope

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48
Q

Abyssal hill

A

domes
<1000m tall
100km wide
volcanic rock

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49
Q

Seamount

A

> 1000m tall

Extinct or active volcano

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50
Q

flat-topped seamount

A

guyot

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51
Q

deep-sea trench

A

3-5km deeper than surrounding
against contin. margin
partially sed. filled
steep-sided

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52
Q

Midocean ridges

A 
Connected, >60,000km
cover 1/3 of ocean floor
mountain ranges 
rift valley 
geologically active 
volcanoes, earthquakes
transform faults
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53
Q

max ocean depth

A

11km

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54
Q

earthquake epicentres

A

midocean ridges
transform faults
deep sea trenches

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55
Q

earthquake types

A

shallow and weak

shallow-to-deep and strong

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56
Q

band of earthquakes in subduction zone

A

benioff zone

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57
Q

benioff zone

A

45 degrees into earth

subducting plate and melting

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58
Q

after subducting plate melts

A

molten portion lower density, rises to surface, volcanic arc

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59
Q

Predominant subduction zones

A

Pacific (ring of fire)

15-45 cm/yr subduction

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60
Q

ocean-ocean convergence produces

A

andesite

density btw basalt and granite

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61
Q

lithosphere contains

A

brittle outer shell
crust
upper mantle

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62
Q

3 types of plate boundaries

A

tension
compression
sliding

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63
Q

sliding plate boundaries

A

transform faults

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64
Q

tension plate boundaries

A

divergent zones

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65
Q

driving force of plate tectonics

A

thermal convection

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66
Q

thermal convection

A

heat transfer by fluid motion
heat - lower density - rise - convect
currents- draging of plates
cold edge of subducting

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67
Q

slab-pull

A

subducting plate pulls plate down

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68
Q

water molecule

A

dipole
bent
105 deg between H
covalent bonds

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69
Q

covalent bonds

A

share electrons

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70
Q

H2O residual charge

A

+ at H end

- at O end

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71
Q

most common elements dissolved in seawater

A

Na+

Cl-

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72
Q

water clusters

A

irregular grouping of molecules
size decreases w/ increased T
H bonded

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73
Q

Ice density

A

8% less than water

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74
Q

Ice

A

open hexagonal crystals
angle btw H expands to 109.5
chemical bonding

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75
Q

water density

A

max at 3.98 deg C

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76
Q

solutes in seawater

A 
salt ions
nutrients
gases
dissolved metals
org compounds
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77
Q

salt ions

A

major constituents
85.6% Na and Cl
99% w/ sulfate, Mg, Ca, K

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78
Q

particles that don’t change concentration over large areas on average

A

conservative

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79
Q

salinity

A

g/ kg seawater

ppt

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80
Q

principle of constant proportion

A

relative proportions of major constituents are constant

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81
Q

use of principle of constant proportion

A

can determine S by measuring only one ion

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82
Q

measuring salinity

A

conventionally measure Cl- and use principle of constant proportion

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83
Q

chlorinity /salinity relation

A

S = 1.80566 x cholorinity

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84
Q

why measure Cl -

A

halogen

less reactive

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85
Q

sw freezing pt

A

-1.91 @ 35 ppt

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86
Q

sw density

A

greater than fw

adding solutes increases atomic mass

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87
Q

sw vapor pressure

A

lower than fw
salinity lowers vp
fw evaporates at higher rate

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88
Q

why does salinity lower vp

A

more molecular bonds

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89
Q

isotherms

A

parallel to latitudes

vary seasonally

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90
Q

characteristic of tropical, temperate oceans

A

thermocline

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91
Q

thermocline depths

A

200-1000m

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92
Q

temperate ocean thermocline

A

~ inexistent in March
grows during spr-summ
weakens in winter

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93
Q

global salinity

A

highest btw 20-30 deg

decreases twd poles, equator

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94
Q

surface salinity

A
  • dependent on evaporation and precipitation

- closely follow evap-precip line

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95
Q

polar SST

A

low

evap and precip both minimal

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96
Q

temperate SST

A

low
evap moderate
precip max

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97
Q

haloclines occur

A

40 deg N - 40 deg S

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98
Q

subtropical SST

A

max
evap max
precip min

99
Q

tropical SST

A

medium
evap max
precip max

100
Q

density =

A

mass per unit volume

g/cm3

101
Q

density depends on

A

temperature
salinity
pressure

102
Q

pycnocline layer

A

corresponds with thermocline and/or halocline

103
Q

outside of pycnocline

A

surface layer 2% , 100m thick, seasonal

deep layer 80%

104
Q

tropical pycnocline

A

corresponds to permanent thermocline

105
Q

temperate pycnocline

A

coincides with halocline

106
Q

primary regulator of gas [ ] in sw

A

biotic activity

photosyn, resp., decomp

107
Q

O2 profile

A

highest at surface
O min zone
Increases then levels in deep

108
Q

O2 min zone depth

A

150 - 1500m

109
Q

pH =

A

-log10[H+]

110
Q

what does pH 7 mean

A

neutral

1/10 million molecules (10^-7) molecules dissociate into H and OH ions

111
Q

addition of CO2 to SW

A

lowers ph of water

112
Q

H2O+ CO2

A
  • > H2CO3
  • > H + HCO3 -
  • > CO3 + 2H
113
Q

carbonic acid

114
Q

pH of normal sw

115
Q

most inorganic C is in the form

A

bicarbonate
89%
HCO3

116
Q

main source of dissolved ions

117
Q

solar energy

A

stratifies water column

photosynthesis

118
Q

air constituents

A

N 78
O 21
CO2 + halogens + water vapor +… 1%

119
Q

Pressure =

A

pgh

p=ro= density

120
Q

coriolis

A

In NH deflection to right

121
Q

coriolis becuase

A

velocity of rotation different at poles relative to equator

122
Q

strength of coriolis dependent on

A

speed

location

123
Q

equatorial air currents

A

divergent

heat - rising air - high pressure - circulates

124
Q

polar air currents

A

low pressure - cooled air - sinking - convergence

125
Q

atmospheric cells

A

hadley - equator
ferrel - mid lats
polar

126
Q

atmospheric air movements

A

Northeast trades, Hadley
Westerlies, Ferrel
Polar easterlies, polar cell

127
Q

wind-driven current

A

from frictional drag

4% of wind speed

128
Q

midlatitude currents

A

flows eastward from the westerlies

129
Q

low lat currents

A

flow westward from trade winds

130
Q

Ekman transport

A

net flow of water to the right (NH) of the wind 45 deg - drags the layer below - that layer moves 45 deg to the right - drags next layer - .. etc

131
Q

Depth that Ekman transport effects

132
Q

net water transport due to Ekman

A

to the right 90 deg

133
Q

Water movement on east side of continents (NH)

A

deflected to the right away from continent, deeper water moves up to replace, upwelling

134
Q

NH gyres

A

water deflected to the right all the way around the gyre - convergence in middle - downwelling

135
Q

series of parallel, counter-rotating circulation cells

A

langmuir circulation

136
Q

langmuir circulation direction

A

long axis aligned parallel to wind

137
Q

Langmuir characteristics

A
  • wind >= 3.5 m/s
  • 10-50 m wide
  • 5-6 m deep
  • several km long
138
Q

thermohaline upwells where

A

pacific and indian

139
Q

classification of organisms (lifestyle)

A

plankton
nekton
benthos

140
Q

forms of plankton

A

phytoplankton
zooplankton
bacterioplankton
virioplankton

141
Q

forms of benthic organisms

A

epifauna
infauna
epiflora

142
Q

classification of organisms (size)

A 
megaplankton (jellies)
macroplankton (krill)
mesoplankton (copepod, foramin.)
microplankton (coccolith.)
nanoplankton (diatoms, dinof.)
picoplankton (bacteria)
femtoplankton (viruses)
143
Q

classification of organisms (life-history)

A

Holoplankton

Meroplankton

144
Q

organisms which are planktic their whole lives

A

holoplankton

145
Q

distribution of marine species closely follows

146
Q

rates of biological activity

A

double per 10 deg. rise

147
Q

polar organisms

A

grow slower
reproduce less
live longer

148
Q

physical process where molecules move from areas of high [ ] to low [ ]

149
Q

pressure depth relationship

A

1 atm per 10 m

150
Q

marine fish osmoregulation

A

body fluid less saline than water

  • osmotic water loss
  • low urine prod.
  • drink SW
  • excrete salt through gills
151
Q

terrestrial food chains

A

ca. 3 links

152
Q

diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane

153
Q

marine food webs

A

ca. 5 links

154
Q

land vs ocean photosynthesis products

A 
L: high light
high nutrient
low CO2 
low water
O: opposite
155
Q

Diatom size

A

2 um - 4mm

156
Q

diatom characteristics

A

10000+ spp.
abundant at high lats
single or chains

157
Q

diatom classification

A

centric

pennate

158
Q

diatom body form

A

hypotheca inside epitheca (frustules)

chloro., nucleus, oil

159
Q

oil, projections, perforations

A

increased SA - buoyancy

160
Q

Dinoflagellate size

A

2 um - 2 mm

161
Q

dinoflag. characteristics

A 
1000+ spp.
usually solitary
primitive plastids + secondary pigmants
asexual 
-starch and lipids
-mixotrophic
-dont need Si
-low SA:V
-can migrate vertically
162
Q

dinoflag. form

A
  • armored or unarmored
  • 1+ layers of cellulose
  • 2 flagella in grooves
163
Q

dinoflag. flagella grooves

A

cingulum- encircles, for rotation

sulcus - displacement

164
Q

dinoflag. pigments

A

chlorophyll a, c
beta-carotene
peridinin

165
Q

dinoflag. vs diatoms

A
  • advantage over diatoms

- more abundant in tropic water

166
Q

specialized dinoflag.

A

zooxanthellae

HABs

167
Q

zooxanthellae

A

no flagella

symbiont in many species (coral, jellies, molluscs)

168
Q

HABs

A

harmful algal blooms

  • produce toxins
  • deplete oxygen
  • paralytic shellfish poisoning
169
Q

types of Haptophytes

A

coccolithophores (most)

haptophyceae

170
Q

haptophyte characteristics

A 
370 spp
2-20um
1-2 chromatophore
2 flag.
calcareous plates
auto, hereo, mixotrophic
171
Q

haptophytes responsible for

A

40% of carbonate production in modern seas

172
Q

haptophyte speacilized structure

A

haptonema
defense or prey capture
sticky tip

173
Q

Cyanobacteria character

A

prokaryote
blue-green algae
single, colony, filaments
starch, lipids

174
Q

cyanobacteria well adapted to

A

nutrient-poor open ocean tropics

-like lots of sun and O2

175
Q

cyanobacteria pigments

A 
chlorophyll a, b
beta-carotene
xanthophylls
phycoerytherin
phycocyanin
176
Q

carotenoids

A

beta-carotene (yellow)

xanthophylls (brown)

177
Q

phycobilins

A

phycoerythrin (red)

phycocyanin (blue)

178
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

conversion of atm N into useable form

179
Q

Nitrification

A

conversion of ammonia from waste and detritus to nitrate ions

180
Q

Heterocyst

A
  • contain specialized enzymes
  • cyanobacteria
  • N fixation / nitrification
181
Q

Foraminiferan

A 
zooplankton
pseudopods
multi-chamber test
consume diatoms, bacteria
sexual and asexual
182
Q

foramin pseuodopods

A

form reticulopods - net-like structures

183
Q

foramin limitations

A

2000 m

CCD

184
Q

radiolarian

A

Actinopoda

  • benthic grazer or planktonic suspension
  • long needle-like pseudopods
  • Si skeleton and spines
185
Q

copepod

A

<1mm - few mm

  • jerky motions
  • large antennae
  • complex life cycle
186
Q

copepod feeding

A

create water stream w/ head appendages - moves particle down ventral surface - capture with 2nd maxillae - brought to mouth

187
Q

copepod life cycle

A

6X Nauplii

5X copepodid

188
Q

Major zooplankton

A 
krill
cladoceran 
foraminiferan
radiolarian
ctenophore
arrow worm
scyphozoan (jelly)
siphonophore (MoW)
189
Q

amount of E lost at each transfer

190
Q

C =

A

energy ingested
= A + F
= E assimilated + E lost Feces

191
Q

A =

A

E assimilated
= P + R + U
= 2dary product. (growth) + E loss respiration + E loss nitrog. waste

192
Q

P =

A

growth =
C - R - U - F
= food - respiration - urea - feces

193
Q

force required to separate water molecules allowing organism to pass

194
Q

viscosity, T

A

negatively correlated

195
Q

viscosity, S

A

positively correlated

196
Q

SR =

A 
sinking rate =
(W1 - W2) / R V
W1 = org density
W2 = SW density
R = surface of resistance
V = viscosity of SW
197
Q

why phytopl. should float or sink

A

nutrients
sunlight (good and bad if too high)
dont get stuck under thermocline

198
Q

why zoopl. should float or sink

A

follow the phyto

199
Q

flotation mechanisms

A

weight reduction
∆ surface of resistance
exploit water movement

200
Q

reduction of weight, flotation

A

alter body fluid comp. (ammonium chl)
gas-filled floats
use lighter fluids (lipids)

201
Q

changes in surface resistance, flotation

A

small (higher SA:V)
flattened shape
spines, projections

202
Q

why smaller size more important for tropical plankton

A

higher T = less dense water

also more serious thermocline to watch out for

203
Q

exploitation of water movement, flotation

A

langmuir convection

204
Q

how langmuir works

A

day - heat, night - cool, T-driven convection cells
local (m’s - 100s m’s)
wind > 3 m/s

205
Q

langmuir upwelling

A

convergent cells

206
Q

tropic plankton pattern

A

low and relatively even all year

very little lag or difference

207
Q

polar plankton pattern

A

one peak for each in summer

lag between phyto., zoop

208
Q

Intensity of light at depth, I_z

A

= I_0 e ^ -kz
I_0 = light at surface
k = extinction coeffic.
z = depth

209
Q

light attenuation curve

A

exponential decrease with depth

210
Q

depth where

respiration = photosynthesis

A

compensation depth
no growth
(based on light)
phytopl. must remain above

211
Q

temperate plankton pattern

A

two phyto. peaks (spring, fall)
spring peak bigger
zoop lag

212
Q

depth of light penetration

A 
absorption
wavelength
reflection
scattering
latitude
season
213
Q

peak wavelength penetration in water

214
Q

compensation depth depends on

A 
latitude
season 
sea surface conditions
water clarity
type of PP
position relative to shore
215
Q

strong thermocline all year

216
Q

nekton selection

A
  • mobility
  • nervous, sensory systems
  • fast swimming
  • camouflage
  • floatation
217
Q

no connection or duct between the swim-bladder and the intestinal tract

A

physoclistous

218
Q

physoclistous air control

A

specialised structures called the gas gland and ovale respectively

219
Q

rete mirabile means

A

‘wonderful net’

latin

220
Q

Fish with a connection (pneumatic duct) between the gas bladder and the esophagus

A

physostomus

221
Q

rete mirabile is

A

counter-current exchange
cappillaries
allow gas uptake in fish with swim bladder

222
Q

causes diffusion in rete mirabile

A

oxygen tension greater in venous than arterial blood

223
Q

physostomus air control

A

via the mouth

224
Q

nekton adaptations for buoyancy

A
  • swim bladder
  • swim fast
  • gas filled cavity
  • lipids
225
Q

nekton, swimming fast

A

avoid sinking
streamlined
strong tail

226
Q

EX. nekton quick swimmer

A

bonito

mackerel

227
Q

nekton with gas-filled cavities

A

mammals (seals)

birds

228
Q

nekton with lipids

A 
fast fish (lipid-filled liver of shark)
mammals (blubber)
229
Q

nekton adaptations to surface of resistance

A

streamlined

long, thin

230
Q

resistance to movement

A

frictional resistance
form resistance
induced drag

231
Q

minimal frictional resistance

A

in spherical objects

232
Q

minimal form resistance

A

in long thin object

proportional to cross-sectional area

233
Q

induced drag increases

A

with speed or size

234
Q

why does induced drag increase

A

laminar flow disrupted

forms vortices, eddies

235
Q

Aspect ratio =

A

Height of caudal fin^2 / Area of caudal fin

236
Q

fastest fishes caudal fin

A

high AR

therefore tall but narrow

237
Q

Nekton adaptations, defense

A

Ventral keel

cryptic coloration

238
Q

ventral keel

A

sharp angeled ventral edge allows light to illuminate ventral side and reduce shadow and visibility

239
Q

nekton adaptations, sensory systems

A

lateral lines
ampullae of lorenzini
vision, hearing, olfaction

240
Q

lateral line

A

canals length of fish body and over head

-detect pressure (movement)

241
Q

ampullae of lorenzini

A

organ that can detect electrical signals in water (sharks, cartilagenous fish)

242
Q

nekton need adaptations for body heat because

A

water has a higher thermal conductivity than air

243
Q

nekton adaptation, heat

A

large (SA:V)
fat (blubber)
modified circulatory system

244
Q

nekton modified circulatory system

A

warm arterial blood transfers heat to cooler venous blood; recycles heat; keep heat in organism core

OCSC7100 (1 decks)

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