Oceanography

Question 1

Seiche

Answer 1

Question 2

Seiche

Answer 2

1. A seiche is a standing wave oscillating in a body of water. Caused by change in atmospheric presure 2. The largest vertical oscillations are at each end of a body of water with very small oscillations at the “node,” or center point, of the wave of water 3. the time period between the “high” and “low” of a seiche can be as much as four to seven hours

Question 3

influent / effluent streams

Answer 3

* influent- recharge at bottom of stream where stream channel lies at height above water table (gains water) * effluent- discharge at bottom of stream where stream channel lies below water table (uses up water)

Question 4

Sound in Ocean

Answer 4

Sound travels in the ocean varies greatly, depending primarily upon water temperature and pressure . While pressure continues to increase as ocean depth increases, the temperature of the ocean only decreases up to a certain point, after which it remains relatively stable

Question 5

Speed of sound in Ocean

Answer 5

Speed increases as: 1. Temperature increases 2. Salinity increases 3. Pressure (or Depth) increases 4. Low frequency sounds travel farther than high frequency sounds

Question 6

Thermocline layer

Answer 6

In Ocean, the thermocline is a region characterized by rapid change in temperature and pressure. Below the thermocline “layer,” the temperature remains constant , but pressure continues to increase

Question 7

Sound Channel

Answer 7

The area in the ocean where sound waves refract up and down is known as the “sound channel

Question 8

Storm Surge

Answer 8

Series of long waves that are created far from shore in deeper water and intensify as they move closer to land Storm surge is the abnormal rise in seawater level during a storm, measured as the height of the water above the normal predicted astronomical tide

Question 9

Whale’s sound wave

Answer 9

As the whale’s sound waves travel through the water, their speed decreases with increasing depth (as the temperature drops), causing the sound waves to refract downward Below the thermocline “layer,” the temperature remains constant, but pressure continues to increase. This causes the speed of sound to increase and makes the sound waves refract upward .

Question 10

Storm Tide

Answer 10

Storm tide is the total observed seawater level during a storm, resulting from the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide

Question 11

Waves

Answer 11

Wind Driven/Surface Waves Astronomical Tides Storm Surge Tsunami

Question 12

Slough

Answer 12

A slough is a swamp or shallow lake system , usually a backwater to a larger body of water

Question 13

Geodesist

Answer 13

Geodesists measure and monitor the Earth’s size and shape , geodynamic phenomena (e.g., tides and polar motion), and gravity field to determine the exact coordinates of any point on Earth and how that point will move over time

Question 14

Waves

Answer 14

Waves are created by energy passing through water, causing it to move in a circular motion. Waves transmit energy, not water.

Question 15

Spring Tide

Answer 15

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/369/flashcards/8665369/gif/springtide-14E5EB5767933BD3696.gif

Question 16

Spring Tide

Answer 16

During full or new moons—which occur when the Earth, sun, and moon are nearly in alignment high tides are a little higher and low tides are a little lower than average

Question 17

Neap Tide

Answer 17

Neap tides, occur twice a month, happen when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other. High tides are a little lower and low tides are a little higher than average

Question 18

Perigean spring tide

Answer 18

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/369/flashcards/8665369/jpg/perigeanspringtide-large-14E5EC31B18690BF6A7.jpg

Question 19

Perigean spring tide

Answer 19

A perigean spring tide occurs when the moon is either new or full and closest to Earth (3/4 times? a year?) Once every 28 days, the moon reaches a ‘perigee,’ its closest point of approach to the Earth

Question 20

“Nuisance” flooding

Answer 20

“Nuisance” flooding—flooding that leads to public inconveniences such as road closures—are increasingly common as coastal sea levels rise. Eg: Tide+ Storm Surge+

Question 21

Nautical mile

Answer 21

A NM = one minute of latitude - 60NM = 1 o at equator A knot is one nautical mile per hour (1 knot = 1.15 mph )

Question 22

NOAA

Answer 22

12 nm Territorial Sea, 24 nm Contiguous Zone, 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Law of the Sea Convention 1958 , 1982

Question 23

Geoid

Answer 23

* Geoid is a model of global mean sea level that is used to measure precise surface elevations * a surface which defines zero elevation

Question 24

Salt Marsh

Answer 24

Salt marshes are coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides. Salt marshes protect shorelines from erosion by buffering wave action and trapping sediments.

Question 25

Salt Marsh

Answer 25

Reduce flooding by slowing and absorbing rainwater and protect water quality by filtering runoff, and by metabolizing excess nutrients.

Question 26

Estuary - River meets sea

Answer 26

Estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems in the world Many animals rely on estuaries for food, places to breed, and migration stopovers.

Question 27

Estuary vs River Delta

Answer 27

Estuary = where rivers have no Delta. Embayment where ocean advances into the mouth of the river Delta = sandy protection of the river mouth created by the dragging down of sediment by the river flow.