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Oceanography Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A species’ success dpeends on the ability to

A

Find food
avoid predation
Reproduce
cope with physical barriers to movement

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2
Q

Marine Organisms can be classified according to where they live and how they move

A

Plankton, Nekton, Benthos

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3
Q

Plankton (floaters)

A
  • Algae,animals and bacteria
  • majority of oceans biomass
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4
Q

Nekton (swimmers)

A

capable of propulsion independently of ocean currents

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5
Q

Benthos (bottom dwellers)

A

Live on the surface of sea floor
attached to rock or moving along the bottom

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6
Q

Two types of plankton

A

Phytoplankton
zooplankton

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7
Q

Phytoplankton

A

autotrophic
produce their own food (photosynthesis)

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8
Q

Zooplankton

A

Heterotrophic
food produced by other organisms

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9
Q

Macroscopic floating Zooplankton

A

Krill +Cnidarians

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10
Q

Krill

A

resemble mini shrimp or large copepods
abundant near Antarctica
Critical in Antarctic food chains

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11
Q

Cnidarians

A

Hydrozoan (gas-filled float)
scyphozoan (jellyfish- soft, low-density bodies)

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12
Q

Krill

A

resemble mini shrimp or large copepods
abundant near Antarctica
Critical in Antarctic food chains

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13
Q

What kind of swimmers are Nekton

A

Independent swimmers
- temp, salinity, viscosity and nutrients limit their lateral range
-water pressure limits the vertical range

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14
Q

What do Nekton comprise of

A

Most adult fish and squid, marine mammals, marine reptiles

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15
Q

Types of fins

A

pelvic and pectoral fins, dorsal fins, caudal fins

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16
Q

Pelvic and pectoral fins

A

turn,brake and balance

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17
Q

Dorsal fins

A

Stabilizers

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18
Q

Caudal fin

A

propulsion

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19
Q

FIn Designs

A

Rounded fin, trucated and forked fins, lunate fins, heterocercal fin

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20
Q

Rounded fin

A

accelerating and maneuvering at slow speeds

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21
Q

Truncated and forked fins

A

fins flexible for faster propulsion and maneuvering

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22
Q

Lunate fin

A

Asymmetrical, produces significant lift (sharks)

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23
Q

Heterocercal Fin

A

fast cruising fish (tuna). very rigid, useless for maneuverability

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24
Q

cruisers

A

swim constantly in search of prey and capture it with short period of high speed swimming

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25
Q

Lungers

A

Fish that wait patiently and exert themselves only in short bursts (grouper)

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26
Q

3 types of Benthos

A

Epifauna, Infauna, nektobenthos

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27
Q

Epifauna

A

live on the surface of the sea floor.
attached to rocks or moving

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28
Q

Infauna

A

lived buried in sediments

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29
Q

Nektobenthos

A

Swim or crawl through water above the seafloor (octopus, crabs)

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30
Q

Stenothermal

A

Organsims withstand small variation in temp
typically live in open ocean

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31
Q

Eurythermal

A

organisms withstand large variation in temp
typically live in coastal

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32
Q

Stenohaline

A

Organisms withstand small variation in salinity
typically live in open ocean

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33
Q

Euryhaline

A

Organisms withstand large variations in salinity
typically live in coastal waters

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34
Q

what animal has a collapsible rib cage

A

Sperm whale

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35
Q

countershading (avoiding predation)

A

dark on top, light on bottom

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36
Q

Disruptive coloration (avoiding predation)

A

Large bold patterns, contrasting colors make animal blend into background

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37
Q

Schooling (avoiding predation)

A

safety in numbers, school may appear as single larger unit, Schooling maneuvers confuse predator

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38
Q

what adaptations to fish have to find food

A

good sensory devices (antennae + sensitive lateral lines)
bioluminescence

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39
Q

pelagic environment divided into two biozones

A

neritic province and oceanic province

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40
Q

the ocean can be divided into two main environments

A

Pelagic (open sea)
Benthic (sea floor)

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41
Q

Bioluminesce advantages

A

searching for food in the dark
attracting prey
communication
staking out territory

42
Q

neritic Province

A

from shore seawrd, all water < 200 m

43
Q

Oceanic Province

A

Depth decreases beyond 200 m

44
Q

Oceanic province further divided into four biozones

A

epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic

45
Q

epipelagic

A

only zone to support photosynthesis
dissolved oxygen decreases around 200 m

46
Q

mesopelagic

A

orgasnims capable of bioluminescence common

47
Q

bathypelagic

A

deepest parts of the ocean > 4000m
represents 75% of living space
completely blind bizzare fish

48
Q

euphotic

A

surface to where enough light exists to support photosynthesis

49
Q

disphotic

A

sample but measurable quantities of light

50
Q

aphotic

A

no light

51
Q

Benthic environments

A

supralittoral, subneritic, suboceanic

52
Q

major marine mammal groups

A

order carnivora, order sirenia, order cetacea

53
Q

Order carnivora

A

prominent canine teeth, sea otters polar bears
pinnipeds -walrus , seals, sea lions

54
Q

order sirenia

A

herbivores, manatees (coastal areas of tropical atlantic ocean)
dugongs (coastal areas of indian and western pacific oceans

55
Q

Order Cetacea

A

elongated skull, blowholes, few hairs, fluke (horizontal tail fin for vertical propulsion)
whales, dolphins, porpoises

56
Q

safe levels of mercury determined by

A

rate of fish consumption by people, mercury concentration in fish consumed, minimum ingestion rate of mercury to cause damages

57
Q

bioaccumulation

A

orgasnims concentrate pollutant from seawater

58
Q

biomagnification

A

organisms gain more pollutant by eating other contaminated organisms

59
Q

MARPOL

A

proposed treaty banning disposal of plastics, regulating another trash dumping at sea, 122 nations ratified by 2005

60
Q

pollution enters ocean from multiple sources

A

trash, pesticides and feritlizers, road oil, plastics

61
Q

how long is great barrier reef

A

2000km long

62
Q

about coral reefs

A

provide shelter, food, breeding grounds, home to 25% of all marine species

63
Q

what is coral reef composed of

A

calcium carbonate which is secreted by tiny animals called polyps
most coral contain a symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae

64
Q

what do coral reefs need in order to live

A

warm (but not hot) seawater, sunlight (for symbiotic algae), strong waves or currents, clear seawater, normal salinity, hard substrate for attachment

65
Q

although there are many other types of reef, the distinction is made between

A

fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls

66
Q

fringing reefs

A

extend out from coast

67
Q

barrier reefs

A

separated from the coast by a deep lagoong

68
Q

atolls

A

fairly continuous reef islands surrounding a central lagoon

69
Q

threats to coral reefs

A

humans (greatest threat), hurricanes, global warming, floods, tsunami

70
Q

cyanide fishing

A

kills the coral and the algae on which fish feed, big increase of co2 and ocean absorbs 25% of that

71
Q

coral bleaching

A

describes the loss of colors in corals that causes them to turn white. associated with elevated water temp that cuased zooxanthellae algae to be expelled

72
Q

indirect evidence using natural recorders of climate variability

A

tree rings, seafloor sediments, glacial ice rings, coral deposits, pollen, historical documents

73
Q

tree rings

A

growth of trees depends on rainfall and temp
rings are wider when conditions favour growth, narrower when condition inhibit growth

74
Q

dendroclimatology

A

Climate data provided by tree rings

75
Q

seafloor sediments

A

recovered by coring lakes and ocean basins
samples are analyzed to provide data on climate change

76
Q

glacial ice rings

A

obtained by drilling into the ice
contain small bubbles of air deposited at the time of snow (very reliable)

77
Q

Corals

A

their skeletons have alternating light and dark layers that result from seasonal changes in growth rates
similar to tree rings

78
Q

pollen

A

accumulated with sediment in a variety of environments
the types of pollen found reflect climate

79
Q

historical documents

A

measurements of temp and precipitation date to the late 17th century

80
Q

solar energy changes

A

variable energy from the sun over time, luminosty, sun spots, faculae

81
Q

Milankovitch Theories

A

Eccentricity of earths orbit
obliquity angle off earths axis
precession wobble of axis

82
Q

volcanic forcing

A

ash from eruption becomes suspended in atmosphere, reflect sunlight having a cooling effect
ex: Mount Tambora 1815 cooling in North America and Europe

83
Q

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

A

a global group of scientists
peer-reviewed literature
published assessments since 1990

84
Q

Ocean conveyor belt

A

Circulation of ocean water
can cause fast changes in climate
cold dense water sink - which also brings down 02

85
Q

Our possible future:

A

anaerobic bacteria takes over
releases hydrogen sulphide- purple oceans and green sky
poisons all land animals
bacteria are the last living things on earth

86
Q

Changes in climate patterns:

A

Increases storms

87
Q

main contributors to rising sea levels

A

melting of antarctic and greenland ice sheets
thermal expansion of ocean surface water
melting of land glaciers and ice caps
thermal expansion of deep ocean waters

88
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

1987 agreement to limit depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs
CFCs have declined since protocol implemented

89
Q

Kyoto Protocol

A

1997 agreement from United Nations Framework convention on climate change
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2012

90
Q

Summit in the Hague

A

2000 conference that focused on alternative methods to reduce emission
conferenc ended without an agreement

91
Q

Paris Climate Agreement

A

2017
the agreement sets out a global action plan to pit the world on a track to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees

92
Q

Carbon sequestration

A

process that refers to the capture and storing of carbon dioxide before it enters the atmosphere

93
Q

Biological sequestration

A

planting more trees

94
Q

Ocean Sequestration

A

injection carbon dioxide deep in the oceans

95
Q

Geologic sequestration

A

Power plants and industrial facilities designed to capture co2

96
Q

iron hypothesis

A

fertilize the ocean to increase productivity
increase phytoplankton, increase carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere

97
Q

earths temp depends on three things

A

amount of sunlight received
amount of sunlight reflected
degree to which atmosphere retains heat

98
Q

weather

A

conditions of atmosphere at a particular time and place

99
Q

Climate

A

long term average of weather

100
Q

earths climate includes interactions of

A

atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, cryosphere

Earth Science (1 decks)

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