Occupational Therapy: The Profession

Question 1

What is ‘occupation’?

Answer 1

Activity in which one engages.

Question 2

What is ‘therapy’?

Answer 2

The treatment of a physical or mental illness.

Question 3

What is a ‘goal’?

Answer 3

The end toward which effort is directed.

Question 4

What is an ‘activity’?

Answer 4

The state of doing things that requires movement of energy (being active).

Question 5

What is ‘independence’?

Answer 5

The state of being self-reliant, not requiring or relying on something else or others.

Question 6

What is Occupational Therapy?

Answer 6

Therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life, especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities despite impairments or limitations in physical or mental functioning

Question 7

What is the definition of Occupational Therapy according to the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT, 2012)?

Answer 7

It is a client-centered health profession concerned with promoting health and well-being through occupation. Occupational therapists achieve this outcome by working with people and communities to enhance their ability to engage in the occupations they want to, need to, or are expected to do, or by modifying the occupation or the environment to better support their occupational engagement.

Question 8

What is the definition of Occupational Therapy according to AOTA (2024)?

Answer 8

The therapeutic use of everyday life activities (occupations) with individuals or groups for the purpose of enhancing or enabling participation in roles, habits, and routines in the home, school, workplace, community, and other settings. OT practitioners use their knowledge of the transactional relationship among the person, their engagement in valuable occupations, and the context to design occupation-based intervention plans that facilitate change or growth in client factors and skills needed for successful participation.

Question 9

Spell out the acronym ‘CAOT * ACE’.

Answer 9

Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists * Association canadienne des ergothérapeutes

Question 10

What are the seven main workplaces of occupational therapists?

Answer 10

Hospitals, Clinics, Communities, Home Care, Special Schools, Academe, and Industry and Private Enterprises.

Question 11

What was occurring during the late 1700s to the early 1800s?

Answer 11

• The awakening of social consciousness, an awareness that social structures lead to vast inequities.
• The concept of moral treatment developed from this focus on the group of suffering humanity.

Question 12

This kind of treatment was developed by Pinel and Tuke and used occupation as treatment. It revolves around the idea that participation in the various tasks and events of everyday life could restore people to a more healthy functioning.

Answer 12

Moral Treatment.

Question 13

This was stated by Bockoven in 1972.

Answer 13

Participation in such occupations as education, daily living tasks, work, and play was used to restore persons to healthy habits of living

Question 14

In Moral Treatment, what methods were utilized to release the mind from emotional distress and improve the person’s activities of daily living?

Answer 14

Music, literature, work, and physical exercise.

Question 15

Who introduced “work treatment” for the “insane” in the late 1700s and believed that patients must be critically analyzed, and then treatment should commence?

Answer 15

Philippe Pinel.

He also introduced farming as an important institutional life and used activities to divert the patients’ minds away from their emotional disturbances and toward improving their skills.

Question 16

Who established the “York Retreat”?

Answer 16

William Tuke.

Question 17

What is the “York Retreat”?

Answer 17

A mental institution that applied humane treatments to patients who were deemed then as “insane.”

They were treated like family, and patients were approached with kindness and consideration.

Question 18

Who is deemed the “Father of American Psychiatry” and was the first physician to institute moral treatment practices?

Answer 18

Benjamin Rush.

Question 19

A movement that values authentic experiences, natural processes of construction, and quality of life (Husset et al., 2007).

Answer 19

The Arts and Crafts Movement.

“Using one’s hands to make items connected people to their work, physically and mentally, and thus was healthier.”

Question 20

Who started the Arts and Crafts Movement during the early 20th century?

Answer 20

John Ruskin and William Morris.

Question 21

He introduced the term “work cure,” where participation is on a limited basis from the bed and gradually increased to doing the activity in a workshop. He also worked with “invalid patients”.

Answer 21

FOP: Herbert Hall.

Question 22

He opened the Consolation House for Convalescent Patients, where they used occupation (arts and crafts) as treatment.

Answer 22

FOP: George Edward Barton.

Question 23

Deemed as the “Father of Occupational Therapy” and published works on the value of occupation for treatment.

Answer 23

FOP: Dr. William Rush Dunton Jr.

Question 24

In the early 1910s, what hospital introduced a regimen of crafts for its patients?

Answer 24

The Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital.

Question 25

What was Dunton’s famous work from 1915 that described the simple activities a nurse can adapt in treating patients?

Answer 25

“Occupational Therapy: A Manual for Nurses (1915).”

Question 26

She is deemed the “Mother of Occupational Therapy” and introduced “Habit Training.” She organized the Henry B. Favil School of Occupations, the first professional school for OT practitioners.

Answer 26

FOP: Eleanor Clarke Slagle.

Question 27

It is a 24-hour-directed activity that differed from other treatments as it was given in increasing doses. It was designed to overcome disorganized habits, modify other habits, and construct new ones that maintain health.

Answer 27

Habit Training.

Question 28

She wrote the first-known book on OT, “Studies in Invalid Occupations,” which described the practical use of arts and crafts for patients. She was also involved in teaching training courses.

Answer 28

FOP: Susan Tracy.

Question 29

She sought to demonstrate that occupation can be morally uplifting and advocated for high educational standards and the training of practitioners.

Answer 29

FOP: Susan Cox Johnson.

Question 30

He was influential in establishing OT in vocational rehabilitation and tuberculosis treatment. He also constructed institutions for patients with physical disabilities.

Answer 30

FOP: Thomas Kidner.

Question 31

He coined the terms “Mental Hygiene” and “Mental Hygiene Movement”, and provided the foundational philosophical statements for OT (support development of work, rest, play, and socialization).

Answer 31

FOP: Adolf Meyer.

Question 32

Meyer emphasized these three factors that could be changed in a patient.

Answer 32

Habit patterns, problem-solving, and negative patterns of thinking.

Question 33

This marked the formal birth of OT on March 15, 1917, in Clifton Springs, New York.

Answer 33

The National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT).

Question 34

In 1921, members voted to change the organization’s name [NSPOT] to what?

Answer 34

American Occupational Therapy Assocation (AOTA).

Question 35

What are the four objectives of NSPOT, now known as AOTA?

Answer 35

1. To study and advance curative occupations for invalids and convalescents.
2. To gather news of progress in OT and to use such knowledge to the common good.
3. To encourage original research.
4. To promote cooperation among OT societies and with other agencies of rehabilitation.

Question 36

What are the nine principles under Dunton’s Principle of Occupational Therapy?

Answer 36

• Any activity should have a cure as its objective.
• The activity should be interesting.
• There should be a useful purpose other than to merely gain the patient’s attention and interest.
• The activity should preferably lead to an increase in knowledge on the patient’s part.
• Activity should be carried on with others, such as a group.
• The OT should make a careful study of the patient and attempt to meet
  as many needs as possible through activity.
• Activity should cease before the onset of fatigue.
• Genuine encouragement should be given whenever indicated.
• Work is much to be preferred over idleness, even when the end product of the patient’s labor is of poor quality or is useless.

Question 37

Its purpose was to rehabilitate soldiers who had been injured in the war (WWI, May 1917).

Answer 37

Reconstruction Program.

Question 38

What were the reconstruction aides present in the Reconstruction Program?

Answer 38

Orthopedic professionals, OT aides (used arts and crafts, worked with both orthopedic and psychiatric patients), physiotherapy aides, and vocational evaluators.

Question 39

This is when vocational rehabilitation programs were developed and expanded.

Answer 39

Post-WWI, through the 1930s.

Question 40

It established a vocational rehabilitation program for soldiers disabled on active duty, also known as the Soldier’s Rehabilitation Act.

Answer 40

Smith-Sears Veterans Rehabilitation Act of 1918.

Question 41

It aimed to provide vocational rehabilitation services to civilians with physical disabilities, also known as the Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act.

Answer 41

Smith Fess Act.

Question 42

These were implemented to quickly train the needed occupational therapists during WWII (1940-1947).

Answer 42

War Emergency Courses.

Question 43

What year did the successful completion of an examination become a requirement for registering as an OT (essay format)?

Answer 43

1945.

Question 44

What year did AOTA adopt the format of an objective test?

Answer 44

1947.

Question 45

This is when new technologies were developed, including splinting materials, wheelchairs, and more advanced prosthetics and orthotics.

Answer 45

Post-WWII, 1950s-1960s.

Question 46

This movement from 1942 to 1960 provided treatment and was known for its holistic approach, healing not only the body but the mind as well.

Answer 46

Rehabilitation Movement.

Question 47

Focused on the medical and scientific approaches, decreased the emphasis on teaching arts and crafts.

Answer 47

OT Education.

Question 48

This act prioritized service for people with the most severe disabilities. Clients were mandated to participate in the service-learning process by completing a written rehabilitation program. It also emphasized the need for rehabilitation research.

Answer 48

Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

Question 49

Established the right of all children to a free and appropriate education, regardless of handicapping condition.

Answer 49

Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975.

Question 50

To include children from 3-5 years of age and initiate new early intervention programs for children from birth to 3 years of age.

Answer 50

Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Act.

Question 51

She employed activity analysis, where OTs can use the information on the specific needs, interests, and abilities of the client to design action-oriented experiences.

Answer 51

Gail Fidler.

Question 52

According to Fidler, the activities in activity analysis should be used for five reasons.

Answer 52

• To explore and express unconscious emotions.
• To provide gratification of needs.
• To teach functional skills and adaptive ego defenses.
• To sustain intact functions.
• To enhance work skills, habits, and independent functioning of activities of daily living.

Question 53

She started the concept of occupational behavior, activities that occupy time, involve achievement, and address economic realities. She also stressed that OTs help clients increase their quality of life rather than fix their problems.

Answer 53

Mary Reilly.

Question 54

He developed the most evidence-based model of practice in OT, the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO).

Answer 54

Dr. Gary Kielhofner.

Question 55

It was created to examine the knowledge base and research related to OT. It has generated research that allow us to better understand the uniqueness of occupation in OT.

Answer 55

Occupational Science.

Question 56

She founded the first doctoral program in occupational science.

Answer 56

Elizabeth Yerxa.

Question 57

Provided for compensation benefits during the period of disability and the payment of medical assistance, necessary transportation, and subsistence on hospital fees of a person in the service of the government who was injured in the performance of his duty.

Answer 57

Revised Administration Code (1917).

Question 58

This law was passed in 1923 to provide care and custody of disabled children.

Answer 58

Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities.

Question 59

An act from 1926 that prescribed compensation for employees for personal injuries, death, or illness contracted during the performance of duty.

Answer 59

Workmen’s Compensation Act.

Question 60

A supportive approach from 1937 to the treatment of patients confined to mental institutions to maintain patients’ morale and prevent deterioration.

Answer 60

Push Therapy.