Occupational Medicine Flashcards
Mention X-ray findings in occupational lung diseases
They differ in site, size & shape:
In silicosis, upper half of lung shows rounded small opacities
In asbestosis lower half of lung shows irregular opacities, tenting of diaphragm
In PMF, there are large opacities
Byssinosis: inc bronchovascular markings
Mention examples of biological monitoring
Blood lead or urine dALA, urine mercury, CBC for X-ray workers
Maximum noise exposure should be….m while the first affected zone of audiometry is…..
85 dB
4000-6000 Hz
Mention acute effects of ionizing radiation exposure
- Severe watery diarrhea w/mucus threads
- Anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia
- Abortion
- Cataract
Mention medical measures for protection in ionising radiation exposure
- Pre-employment exam including CBC
- Periodic medical exam including CBC /6m, & early detection of skin & other system affection
- Leaded aprons
- Periodic monitoring of personal exposure through personal dosimeters as badge films
Mention accepted radiation exposure for each population group
Occupational 5 Rem/year, not exceeding half this amount in 3 months or in whole period of pregnancy
2.5 Rem for general population
IR rays cause…..while UVR cause
PPE is……
Posterior polar cataract
Protective goggles & protective aprons
Mention acute effects of decompression sickness
Bends, itching, pulmonary air embolism, asphyxia, abdominal colic, focal CNS lesions may be temporary or permennat
Delayed: aseptic bone necrosis
The most important heat loss mechanism is…..
Heat balance equation is…..
Evaluation of heat stress is by….
Evaporation
M+/-R+/-C-E
Wet bulb globe thermometer
Mention guidelines for workers exposed to heat
Dec earing of fatty diet to dec caloric intake thus maintain heat balance
Compensate for salt & water loss in sweat by eating salty meals & inc fluid intake
Heat rash is ttt by…..
Frequent cleaning of skin, keratolytic lotions (5% salicylic acid)
The earliest manifestation of water depletion heat exhaustion is…..
Thirst & dry tongue
Mention the essential triad of rapid diagnosis
- Hyperpyrexia (rectal temp 40.6degC)
- Loss of consciousness
- Red hot dry skin
Mention TTT of heat stroke
It is a medical emergency, prognosis depends on rapid cooling to reach at least 38.9degC within 1 hr, then gradual cooling
This is done by water spraying & air current by fans & supportive & symptomatic measures
Never use ice cold water
Acclimatization is mainly by…..&…..
ACTH & ADH
Mention clinical effects of inorganic lead exposure
Blue-grey lead line in gum d.t. lead sulfide accumulation, abdominal colic, constipation vomiting.
Lead nephropathy & renal hypertension
Spontaneous abortion
Lead encephalopathy in children (if organic causes psychosis)
Lead anemia
Foot & wrist drop
Mention main clinical findings in mercury exposure
Acute pneumonitis
Gingivitis & teeth loss
Renal damage
Neuropsychiatric changes (erethism) & tremors
Sensory & motor changes
Mention sources of:
1. Cadmium
2. Chromium
- Electroplating, welding, some alloys
- Tanning of leather, manufacture of pigments & Portland cement & alloys
Mention main clinical findings in cadmium exposure
Renal impairment, osteomalacia of the bone & severe aches (Itai Itai disease), bronchitis & focal emphysema
Mention main clinical findings in cadmium exposure
Skin: Chrome holes of hands & forearms, Dermatitis
Respiratory tract irritation: ulceration of nose & throat with crusting of nose, perforated nasal septum, inc incidence of lung cancer & nasal cavity
Mention the simple asphyxiants
Methane, butane, nitrogen, helium
Mention effects of (1) arsine, (2)nickel carbonyl
- RBCs destruction leading to anemia & jaundice
- Causes severe pulmonary irritation
Mention first aid measures for occupational gas exposure
Remove victim from source of fumes to fresh air
Support them & encourage normal breathing
Monitor vital signs till transfer to hospital
Mention first aid measures for pesticide exposure
- Protect yourself by waering appropriate protective clothing & equipment esp if pesticide is absorbed through skin
- If pesticide has been inhaled remove person to fresh air, if eye exposure clean for 15 min w/ running water
- If conveulsions—ER & atropine
- Each pesticide antidote can be known from safety data sheet
