Occupational Language Flashcards
What is the discourse community?
(John Swales 2011)
Group of people you interact with, but someone has more power. it is defined as having members who:
- Share a set of common goals
- Communicate internally using and ‘owning’ one more genres of communication
- Use specialist lexis and discourse
- Passes a required level of knowledge and skill to be considered eligible to participate in the community
what are the types of power?
(Waring 1999)
- Political = that help by politicians police in those under the law
- Personal = power as a result of their occupation
- Social group = social variables such as agent gender
- Instrumental = used to maintain and then enforce authority
- Influential = power used to influence of persuade others
what did the critical discourse analysis theory say in relation to? (Norman Fairclough)
- Power in discourse = power relationships are set up and enacted: laws and instructions
- Power behind discourse = concerned with the organisation of institutions: hierarchies and embedded power structures - ideology behind organisations
- all this courses are socially produced = inextricable link between language and society?
what is occupational lexis?
Occupations which use specialised lexis or jargon.
what is restricted occupational lexis?
lexis that is only used with a specific occupational context. Specialist language that is only used in a specific profession.
what is the plan in English campaign?
(1979)
It was founded by group of people who wanted to make forms and leaflet simpler and clearer. This was done by writing guidelines for plain English:
- avoid jargon: words that have a special trade or professional meaning. This can be very useful for people within trade as it saves time and makes communication easier but restricted lexis can make communication with external parties difficult to understand
- avoid long sentences: the campaigns in official text writer should aim for an average sentence length of 15 to 20 words
- Use active voice rather than passive voice people often find passive sentences more difficult to understand. an example of an active voice: is all non-immigrants must complete the form. an example of a passive voice: is the form must be completed by every non-immigrant.
- Use positive rather than negative: people find positive statements easy to understand than negative ones
what is distinctive turn-taking systems?
(john heritage)
reverse to the rules of how people take turns when speaking in a conversation.
He argues the interactions in some institutional context such as courts, interviews and classrooms are characterised by particular organisations.
Taking takes place in large scale environments when there is a large number of potential participants where constitutions must be rationed or when the talk is designed for an overhearing audience
What did perakyla add to the theory of turn- taking? (1995)
described turn-taking practices within counselling context that are designed to implement special therapeutic processes.
Most special turn-taking systems in contemporary industrial societies exploit question and answer exchanges to form particular turn-taking systems which helped me interactional goals .this after results in lengthy Q-A chains
What are the consequences when rules are broken in turn-taking systems?
Departures from special turn-taking organisations are usually sanctioned. This happens in meetings when speakers are ruled out of order or when pupils in class are sanction for shouting out the answer or talking with the teachers talking. These are rules that participants recognise as a moral obligation.
what did Atkinson and Drew establish?
(1979)
turn taking involves what’s Atkinson and called turn type pre-allocation in which the activities of asking and answering questions is pre-allocated to the role of the interview were an interviewee. The participants therefore exclude themselves from a wide variety of actions that they are normally free to do in an ordinary conversation. One consequence of this restriction is to place the interview were firmly in control of the interactional management of the exchange.
