Occupational Hygiene Flashcards by Miss B.

According to him, the dose makes the poison

Paracelsus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Introduced because of Percival Potts work on scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps

The British Chimney Sweeps Act

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Not-for-profit organization which sets standards or professional competence for occupational hygienists and hygiene techs in Canada

Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists (CBROH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

No-for-profit organization that established and published Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common route of toxic chemical entry

Inhalation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 ways that doses are expressed

The quantity administered per unit body weight, quantity per skin surface area, & quantity per unit vol of air breathed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 variables involved in air contaminants

The concentration of the substance and the duration of exposure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lethal Dose (LD50)

The total amount of a substance applied to skin, injected in the muscle, or given by mouth over a stated period of time which will kill 50% of a group of test animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A high LD50 means it’s _______ _______ than a compound with a low LD50.

less toxic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lethal Concentration (LC50)

The concentration of an airborne substance that will kill 50% of a group of test animals when absorbed by INHALATION in a stated length of time.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Category of chemicals with the highest toxicity according to GHS

Category one

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Toxicity

The ability of a substance to produce an unwanted effect when the chemical has reached a sufficient concentration at a certain site in the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Degree of toxicity depends on:

Dose, route of entry, route of absorption, individual differences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Degree of hazard depends on toxicity including:

Chemical and physical properties of the substance, how much is being used, conditions and manner of use, control measures in place, & duration of exposure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gases that are liquified by extremely low temperatures

Cryogenic liquids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most significant health hazard in the welding process

Generation of toxic metal fumes and gases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease caused by Tin fumes

Stannosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease caused by Iron fumes

Siderosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease caused by Titanium fumes

Fibrosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease caused by carbon

Anthracosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by UV radiation from welding

Arc eye/welder’s eye/arc flash

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fever chills, flu-like symptoms from exposure to welding fumes that contain zinc oxide and/or magnesium

Metal fume fever

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Caused by the impairment of organ of corti

Noise-induced hearing loss

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 small bones in the middle ear that helps in the hearing process

Malleus, incus, stapes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition of sound

A slight, rapid variation in atmospheric pressure, caused by longitudinal vibration(sound waves)

Characteristics of a sound wave

Frequency (perceived pitch), wavelength, and velocity

The speed of sound is always _______ the product of the frequency and the wavelength

equal to

Sound power per unit area at a given point, measured in W/m2

Sound intensity

An increase of 3 dB represents a __________ of the sound intensity

doubling

For every doubling of the distance, the sound intensity will be __________ by 6 dB

reduced

The weakest sound a healthy human ear can detect has an amplitude of _______

20 micropascal (uPa)

Noise exposure limits are expressed in ____

dBA

Formula for noised dose exposed to different weighted sound levels

D = (C1/T1)+ (C2/T2)+(Cn/Tn) = 1

Noise from 2 sound sources

0-1 dB difference, add 3dB to greater source 2-4 dB difference, add 2dB 5-9 dB difference, add 1dB 10 dB+ difference, add 0 dB

SPL _________by ___ dB for every doubling of distance

decreases, 6

Controls for noise exposure can be used in 3 parts. What are they?

source, path, receiver

Type of Sound Level Meter (SLM) that is sufficient for industrial field evaluations

Type 2

This is similar to dosimeter and it determines equivalent sound levels over a measurement period

ISLM

Noise measuring instrument that is best for personal noise exposure

dosimeter

Components of hearing conservation program

Monitoring, Audiometric testing, hearing protectors, training, record keeping

Observable health conditions such as reddening of skin due to high exposure to radiation

Deterministic effects

Not immediately observable health effects such as cancer or genetic damage

Stochastic effects

Ionizing radiation that can be stopped by a sheet of paper. Considered to be only internal radiation hazards

Alpha particles

Ionizing radiation that can be stopped by 1/2 inch of aluminum

Beta particles

A secondary x-ray radiation produced when beta particles are slowed down or stopped

Bremsstrahlung radiation

Best shields for neutrons

Concrete, Polyethylene, boron

Ionizing radiation that requires thick lead for shielding

Gamma rays

Max effective dose of radiation in 1-yr & 5-yr period by an adult worker

1 year = .05 Sv or 5 rems or 50mSv 5 year = 100 mSv

The total radiation dose accumulated during the 50 years following the intake

Committed dose

Sum of weighted equivalent radiation dose in all the organs and tissues of the body

Effective dose

A small badge that can be worn as a clip and contains a small piece of photographic film that is sensitive to radiation

Film badges

A radiation detector containing small chips of lithium fluoride that will store ionizing radiation and will release this energy when heated

Thermal Luminescence Detectors (TLD)

Radiation detectors that are direct reading, allow for immediate results

Pocket dosimeters

Opening the shutter allows the radiation to pass through the material and to be measured by a detector mounted opposite the source

Fixed gauges

Method using portable gauge that involves placing a source rod in a tube that is inserted beneath the soil surface through a punched access hole

Direct transmission

Equation for body's heat balance

S=M+R+C+K-E Rate of heat storage = Metabolism rate + Radiation gain or loss + Convective heat gain/loss + Conductive heat gain/loss - Evaporative heat loss

Acclimatization generally takes how many days

6-7 days

Fingers will become white and stiff with intermittent blanching, tingling, and reddening

Reynaud's disorder

Hypothermia

Body temperature of 35C and below

Laboratory procedures intended for processing clinical Anthrax specimens should be managed where?

Biosafety Level 2 If aerosol is produced, Level 3

A rare but serious lung disease caused by Hantavirus

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Biosafety level for high risk of life threatening disease

Biosafety Level 3

Class of biosafety cabinets that provides protection by means of non-recirculated inward airflow away from the operator

Class 1

Extremely high exposure to this can lead to a condition known as organic dust toxic syndrome

Mycotoxins

Types of Class 2 BSCs

Type A - inward airflow velocity of 75-100 fpm, exhaust air usually discharged to the work environment Type B - 100fpm, HARD-DUCTED to the outside atmosphere

Affects agricultural workers causing "farmers lung"

Aspergillus versicolor

Airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under w/c it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse health effect

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

The time-weighted average concentration for a conventional 8-hr workday and a 40-hr work week to w/c it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects

TLV-TWA

How high can concentration go above the TLV-TWA?

Levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than 30 mins during a workday but never exceed 5 times

What is TLV-Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)?

The concentration to w/c worker can be exposed continuously for a short period of time (15 min) without without adverse effects. Should not occur > 4x/day, with at least 60 mins between exposure.

A concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the work exposure.

TLV-C (Ceiling)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI's)

Represents warning levels of biological response to the chemical, or warning levels of the chemical or its metabolic product(s) in the tissue, fluids, or exhaled air of exposed workers, regardless of whether the chemical was inhaled, ingested or absorbed via the skin.

A level at which action is required for some specific substances and noise exposure

Action limit

3 groups of calibrators/standard meters for air sampling

Volume, flow rate, & velocity meters

2 most common primary standards of air sample calibrator

soap bubble and frictionless piston meter

Short duration samples usually less than 5 minutes. Used to evaluate peak or ceiling concentrations

Grab samples

Used to determine a worker's TWA or STEL exposure to a particular substance by collecting one or more personal samples during a particular task

Integrated air sampling