Occupation And Language

Question 1

Brown and Levinson

Answer 1

-Developed goffman’s theory of face by identifying positive and negative face

Question 2

What is negative face (brown and Levinson)

Answer 2

Basic person rights of a person including their freedom of action
E.g ones need to not be interrupted by others

Question 3

What is positive face (brown and Levinson)

Answer 3

A person’s desire to be appreciated by others

E.g a painters desire for people to appreciate his work

Question 4

What is a negative face threatening act (brown and Levinson)

Answer 4

When people impose upon us or give orders

Question 5

What is a positive face threading act (brown and levinson)

Answer 5

Criticism or disagreement

Question 6

What are negative politeness strategies (brown and Levinson)

Answer 6

Apologising, making indirect requests

Question 7

What are positive politeness strategies (brown and Levinson)

Answer 7

Compliments, praise, avoiding criticism, showing appreciation

Question 8

Koester

Answer 8

• Workplace talk is different to everyday conversations because speakers focus on a specific task
• people pay attention to relational goals as well as task goals
• phatic talk (small talk) is important in communication at work

Question 9

Drew and heritage

Answer 9

They identified key differences between everyday conversation and workplace talk:
Goal orientation
Turn taking
Asymmetry

Question 10

What’s goal orientation (Drew and heritage)

Answer 10

In the workplace, percipients usually focus on specific tasks and goals

Question 11

What is turn taking (drew and heritage)

Answer 11

In professional contexts (Courtroom) there are specific turn taking rules. Unwritten rules also apply, doctor speaks more than patient

Question 12

What is asymmetrical talk (drew and heritage)

Answer 12

Workplace interactions usually asymmetrical- one speaker has more power and/or special knowledge than the other
E.g boss and employee

Question 13

Grice’s maxims

Answer 13

Grice said there are 4 underlying conversational maxims:

• quality
• quantity
• relevance
• manner

Question 14

What is the rule quality (grice)

Answer 14

• speak the truth
• don’t say what they think is false
• don’t make statements without relevance

Question 15

What is the rule quantity (Grice)

Answer 15

Be as informative as is required for the conversation to proceed
Don’t say too little or too much

Question 16

What is the rule relevance (Grice)

Answer 16

Should clearly relate to the conversations context

Question 17

What is the rule manner (Grice)

Answer 17

Speakers contributions should be clear, orderly and brief

Question 18

Failure to follow the 4 Grice maxims is said to be what?

Answer 18

Flouting the maxims

Question 19

What may the role of listeners be limited to in conversation to a show the information they are receiving is being understood

Answer 19

Interrogatives

Back-channeling (minimal response)

Question 20

What is a minimal response

Answer 20

The minimal a listener needs to do to show the message has been received (yeah, okay, right)