Occupation and Gender

Question 1

Holmes 1992

Answer 1

Female doctors were interrupted more frequently than male doctors by patients and in businesses, men dominated conversations

Question 2

Eakins & Eakins 1978

Answer 2

Studied turn-taking. Women were interrupted the most and are more likely to make suggestions

Question 3

Holmes 2005

Answer 3

Gender & relationships affect conversation/ power. Small talk is used at the start of meetings to make people more relaxed/happy. Length/detail is important in the workplace

Question 4

Holmes & Marra 2002

Answer 4

Women & men used language to show gender stereotypes, supportive humour is encouraged/ used by women the most. But found women use just as much humour as men for the same reasons, although women more likely to encourage supportive and collaborative humour

Question 5

Not related but Bernstein 1971- 2 types of language

Answer 5

restricted- working class pupils used, informal uses colloquialisms and idiomatic phrases and non-standard grammar. Elaborated- middle-class, formal language in textbooks and curriculum.

Question 6

Holmes

Answer 6

Women managers seem to be more likely to negotiate consensus than male managers, they are less likely to just ‘plough through the agenda’, taking time to ensure everyone genuinely agrees with what has been decided

Question 7

Edelsky 1981

Answer 7

Studied a university faculty meeting and found that in structured segments of the meeting, men took longer and longer turns. In free-for-all segments, men and women talked equally

Question 8

Tracy and Eisenberg 1991

Answer 8

Found that in role-play, men showed more concern for someone they were criticising while they were in the subordinate role, and women showed more concern while in the superior role

Question 9

Oppressive and Repressive discourse strategies

Answer 9

Oppressive Discourse Strategy - linguistic behaviour that is open in its exercising of
power and control.
Repressive Discourse Strategy - a more indirect way of exercising power

Question 10

Martin Jos (1962) Levels of formality

Answer 10

Frozen level: ritual or very conventional situations.
Formal level: normally used by a speaker addressing an audience.
Consultative level: people who are not family, friends or acquaintances but
where interaction is the norm
Casual level: This is used between people who know each other reasonably well
in informal settings.
Intimate level: private communication such as between family members and
close friends