Occupation

Question 1

What did Drew and Heritage argue?

Answer 1

-Different workplace talk characteristics: turn taking, goal orientation, allowable contributions, professional lexis, set structure and asymmetry.

-Developed idea that occupational speech differs to normal speech.

Question 2

What did Koester argue?

Answer 2

-The importance of phatic talk in cementing social relations within the workplace

-Highlights how people within the same occupation may use less professional lexis in order to create social relations that enable people to work together.

Question 3

What did Hornyak argue?

Answer 3

-The shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by the highest ranking person in the room.

-Shows both asymmetry but reflects the fact that not all communication will be professional.
(links to Drew and Heritage and Koester)

Question 4

What did Herbert and Straight argue?

Answer 4

-Compliments tend to flow from those of higher rank to those of lower rank

-Reflects power relations
(links to Hornyak)

Question 5

What did Sinclair and Coulthard argue?

Answer 5

-How speakers ask questions, through elicitation stratergies.

-Use of the IRF structure, initiation, response and feedback.

Question 6

What did Fairclough argue?

Answer 6

-Less/more powerful participants will create unequal encounters and asymmetry.

-More powerful put constraints on less powerful participants.
(links to Herbert and Straight, Hornyak)

Question 7

What’s the difference between influenctial power and instrumental power?

Answer 7

Influenctial: persuaded to act in a certain way rather than forced to do.
Instrumental: enforced through law and rules.

Question 8

Describe what is meant by power within/behind the discourse

Answer 8

within: carfeully persuade and influence, e.g. an advertisement use lanuage within discourse to persuade
behind: power behind law discourse, e.g. a legal letter has instrumental power behind it

Question 9

What did Brown and Levinson argue?

Answer 9

-Politeness Theory, how people may use language to exert power over others.
-People have positive and negative face needs:
positive needs are needs to feel valued and appreciated
negative needs are not feeling imposed upon
-Aim is to acommodate others positive face needs in order to avoid face threatening acts.

Question 10

What is Grice’s theory of co-operation?

Answer 10

-Maxim of Manners (be clear)
-Maxim of Relation (be relevant and contribute)
-Maxim of Quantity (be informative)
-Maxim of Quality (be truthful)