Occupation Flashcards
Goffman 1967
Face Theory:
Concept of face in linguistic politeness
About maintaining the representation of yourself that you project
Lakoff 1973
POLITENESS MAXIMS
Don’t impose
Give options
Positive reinforcement
She proposed that women’s speech could be distinguished between men and women.
She proposed women were more likely to use;dging→ phrases such as ‘sort of’, ‘kind of’ and ‘it seems like’
Empty adjectives→’divine’ ‘adorable’
Apologise more frequently
Coulthard and Sinclair 1975
TEACHER STUDENT INTERACTION
‘IRF’ model in a one-to-one classroom.
3 part exchange
Initiate a question
Initiate response
Give them feedback on that
Brown and Levinson 1987
FACE THEORY
All about how we are perceived by others and our desire to have control over our lives
Positive face = desire to be seen in overtly prestigious ways (funny, intelligent, attractive, likeable etc)
Negative face = desire to have control over our being (to be left alone, to exist unimpeded by others)
Drew and Heritage 1993
INSTITUTIONAL TALK
A theoretical model that studies, structures, patterns and interactions in institutional settings → to understand how discourse shaped the roles and identities of the workers/ participants
The way people speak within institutions contrasted with how they communicate in everyday language
Louhiala-Salminen 1999
BUSINESS LETTERS, FAXES & EMAILS
Business letters are more formal than emails or faxes as the conventions of business letters are well-established, whereas electronic modes are not as established.
Therefore, there are more variations in the language used in faxes/ emails as writers are less constrained to conform to certain standards.
Wareing 1999
2 TYPES OF POWER
instrumental→ establishing power through rules (power established through consequences opposed to just persuasion)
E.g., road signs and instructions and politics etc
influential→ advertising and the media/ journalism etc – things that change our thoughts/feelings/opinions
Eg. being able to persuade people to do certain things, no consequences of not following it
Cameron 2000
CALL CENTRE CONVERSATIONS
Studied telephone conversations in a call centre and found that they were highly formulaic rather than spontaneous.
She found questions asked by agents, and the order in which they are asked are determined by the software they are dealing with.
They need to elicit information from the caller and input it into the computer in a specific order.
The customer should also feel he or she has been given good service, and therefore some of the things the agent says have to do with interpersonal or relational aspects of the encounter.
She concludes that such conversations are subject to a worrying degree of managerial control + many call centres give very detailed specifications/ scripts
+ monitored and recorded
Nelson 2000
BUSINESS SPEAK
Compares a corpus of business language with a more general corpus to investigate whether there was indeed such a thing as business lexis.
- He found there was indeed a ‘semantic field of business’ involving a limited number of semantic categories: terms to do with business people, companies, institutions, money, etc
He highlighted that business English had little focus on: Existence of weekends, Personal issues, Society, Family, Housing & Personal activities
Fairclough 2001
LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL PRACTICE (Power in discourse)
The fairclough theory is the theory that believes that language is a form of social practice and states that the term discourse can be used to make a connection between language and the wider society.
States many interaction are ‘unequal encounters’ and the social power is encoded or more to appear normal
Power in discourse→The way in which power is manifested in situations through language
Power behind discourse→the focus on the social and ideological reasons behind the enactment of power
Koester 2004
PHATIC COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE
Koester 2004 identified phatic talk as important to getting jobs done
Workers need to establish interpersonal relationships and have interactions that are not just about work-related procedures. Some employers may discourage talk that is not strictly work related but Koester shows that being sociable and engaging in personal chat is an important part of effective working. As well as power, solidarity - the ability to connect with others - is an important dimension of the workplace
Kim and Elder 2009
KOREAN PILOTS AND MISCOMMUNICATION
Korean pilots finding it hard to communicate with American ATC colleagues due to mistranslation
Native speakers didn’t use agreed upon phrases which resulted in miscommunication
Commonly the english speakers abbreviated unnecessarily as well as used idioms
Lingua franca→ a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different
Swales 2011
DISCOURSE COMMUNITY
Defined discourse community as having members who:
Share a set of common goals
Communicate internally, using and ‘owning’ one or more genres of communication
Use specialist lexis and discourse
Possess a required level of knowledge and skill to be considered eligible to participate in community
He identified phatic talk as important to getting jobs done
Workers need to establish interpersonal relationships and have interactions that are not just about work-related procedures.
- Being sociable and engaging in personal chat is an important part of effective working. As well as power, solidarity - the ability to connect with others - is an important dimension of the workplace.
