Occupation Flashcards
Giles
Accommodation theory - where speakers will converge (try to resemble and be more in line with their audience) Contrastingly, they could diverge.
Martin Seligman
Individuals have three basic psychological needs:
- To feel positive emotion
- Engage in activities that give life, meaning & purpose
- Have positive relationships with others
Robin Lakoff
Politeness principle - included three maxims to make sure you won’t cause offence.
1 - Don’t impose
2 - Give options
3 - Make the receiver feel good
Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson
Politeness theory -
Positive face = an individuals desire to be liked and appreciated by others.
Negative face = is an individuals desire to protect their personal rights.
Erving Goffman
Face is the positive public image you seek to establish in social interactions.
A face threatening act is an act that inherently damages the face of the addressee or the speaker, by acting in opposition to the wants and desires of the other.
Shan Wareing
Three types of power:
Political = power held by those with the backing of law (e.g. politicians)
Personal = power held by individuals as a result of their roles in organisations/occupations (e.g. teachers and employees)
Social group = power held as a result of being a dominant member of a social group.
Norman Fairclough
Power in discourse = the ways in which power is conveyed through language.
Power behind discourse = the focus on social and ideological power.
Synthetic personalisation
Coulthard and Sinclair
Found that teachers use IRF model. IRF, is a pattern of discussion between the teacher and learner.
The teacher initiates, the learner responds, then the teacher gives feedback.
Doesn’t only apply to school. Workers are trained to repeat exact phrases to each customer - can call these established exchanges scripts.
Deborah Cameron
- Studied call centre conversations.
- Found they were highly formulaic rather than spontaneous.
- She found questions asked by agents, and the order they are asked are determined by the software they are dealing with.
- They need to elicit information from a caller to put into the computer in a specific order.
- The customer should also feel they have been given good service - so some things the agent says must be interpersonal.
- Conversations are characterised by codification and surveillance.
Kim and Elder
- Studied Korean pilots.
- Found that miscommunication between them and American colleagues was not caused by poor language skills, rather the native speakers not using the agreed phrases.
- They used elaborated, idiomatic phrases, etc…
Louhialia-Salmien
- Business letters, Faxes and Emails. - Believes that business letters are more formal than emails or faxes because the conventions of business letters are well-established.
- Whereas, electronic modes are not as stabilised.
- More variation is used in faxes or emails because writers are less constrained.
Michael Nelson
- He found that there is a semantic field for business.
John Swales
Discourse communities - a discourse community has members who: share a set of common goals, communicate internally using and owning one or more genres, use specialist lexis discourse, and possess a level of knowledge or skill to participate in the community.
Drew and Heritage (Talk at work)
Identified key differences between everyday conversation and workplace talk:
- Goal orientation - focus on specific tasks or goals.
- Turn taking/Restrictions - some professional contexts, turn-taking rules in operation.
- Allowable contributions - may be restrictions on what kind of contributions are considered ‘allowable’.
- Professional lexis - professional/workplace context - reflected in the lexical choice.
- Structure - workplace/professional interactions - structured in specific ways.
- Asymmetry - workplace/professional interactions often asymmetrical. One speaker has more power + knowledge than other - e.g. doctor and a patient.
Drew and Heritage (Inferential frameworks and power relations)
They also suggest that there are strong hierarchies of power within organisations, with many asymmetrical power relations marked by language use.
