OC4 - renal system

Question 1

what are the components of the kidney?

Answer 1

medulla
cortex
faccia
adipose tissue
ureter
renal pelvis
renal hilum - renal vein, renal artery, renal nerve

Question 2

where are nephrons located?

Answer 2

in the medulla and the cortex

Question 3

what is the function of the nephron?

Answer 3

the main filtration unit

Question 4

what are the components of a nephron?

Answer 4

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
renal corpuscle - glomerulus and bowmans capsule. contains juxtaglomerular cells involved in BP regulation
proximal convulated tubule - reabsorption
loop of henle - countercurrent mechanism
distal convulated tubule - secretion

Question 5

what is the countercurrent mechanism?

Answer 5

takes place in the loop of henle
ascending limb - permeable to ions
descending limb - permeable to water

Question 6

what are the functions of the renal system?

Answer 6

endocrine metabolic
endocrine secretory
excretory
homeostatic

Question 7

what is the endocrine metabolic function of the renal system?

Answer 7

converts calcidiol to calcitriol

Question 8

what is the endocrine secretory function of the renal system?

Answer 8

juxtaglomerular cells produce renin which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure
endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries in the renal cortex produces erythropoiten which is involved in the formation of red blood cells.

Question 9

what is the excretory function of the renal system?

Answer 9

excretion of waste

Question 10

what is the homeostatic function of the renal system?

Answer 10

osmoregulation - water balance and electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
blood pressure regulation

Question 11

what is filtration within the renal system?

Answer 11

occurs in the renal corpuscle of nephrons
endothelial cells, basement membranes, podocytes, filtrate.

Question 12

what is the function of endothelial cells in filtration in the renal system?

Answer 12

restricts blood cells

Question 13

what is the function of basement membranes in filtration in the renal system?

Answer 13

restricts large proteins

Question 14

what is the function of podocytes (walls) in filtration in the renal system?

Answer 14

restricts intermediate proteins

Question 15

what is the filtrate in the renal system?

Answer 15

water and small solutes such as glucose, amino acids and ions

Question 16

what is absorption in the renal system?

Answer 16

occurs in the proximal convulated tubule glucose and proteins are all reabsorbed

Question 17

what is secretion in the renal system?

Answer 17

occurs in the distal convulated tubule
main waste product is urea
all creatine is excreted

Question 18

what is the process of blood pressure regulation?

Answer 18

renin is produced by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney and travels to the liver where it activates angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin 1
angiotensin 1 travels to the lungs where ACE (angiotensin converting enzymes) convert it to angiotensin 2 - a general vasoconstrictor which increases blood pressure.
angiotensin 2 travels to the adrenal gland where it stimulates aldosterone
aldosterone retains sodium which increases Na+ causing an increas in H2O so an increase in blood volume and therefore an increase in blood pressure

Question 19

what is acidosis?

Answer 19

pH below 7.35
increased CO2 and H+
decrease in pH
chemoreceptors detect change
increase in breathing rate and kidneys secrete H+
decrease in CO2
increase in pH

Question 20

what is alkalosis?

Answer 20

pH above 7.45
decreased CO2 and H+
increase in pH
chemoreceptors detect change
decrease in breathing rate and kidneys secrete HCO3-
increase in CO2
decrease in pH

Question 21

what is respiratory acidosis/alkalosis?

Answer 21

failure of the respiratory system
kidneys fix

Question 22

what is metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?

Answer 22

failure of the kidneys
respiratory system fixes.