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Biology 1 > OC MIDTERMS CH VOCAB > Flashcards

OC MIDTERMS CH VOCAB Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

observation

A

process of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way

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2
Q

inference

A

a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question

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4
Q

controlled experiment

A

experiment in which only one variable is changed

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5
Q

independent variable

A

factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also called manipulated variable

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6
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable; also called the responding variable

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7
Q

control group

A

group in an experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable

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8
Q

data

A

evidence; information gathered from observations

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9
Q

theory

A

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations

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10
Q

biology

A

scientific study of life

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11
Q

sexual reproduction

A

type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism

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12
Q

asexual reproduction

A

process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

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13
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

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14
Q

metabolism

A

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

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15
Q

stimulus

A

signal to which an organism responds

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16
Q

homeostasis

A

relatively constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

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17
Q

evolve

A

change over time

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18
Q

what are the goals of science?

A

observing and asking questions, forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions

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19
Q

Protons and neutrons

A

form the center of the atom, called the nucleus

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20
Q

electrons

A

electrons are negatively charged and surround the nucleus

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21
Q

Isotopes

A

have different masses but the same chemical properties

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22
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

isotopes that are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time

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23
Q

chemical compounds

A

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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24
Q

Ionic bonds

A

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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25
Q

Covalent bonds

A

when the atoms share one electron from each atom, a single covalent bond is formed

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26
Q

Weak interactions

A

occurs when molecules are close together

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27
Q

atom

A

the basic unit of matter

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28
Q

nucleus

A

the center of an atom, which contains the protons and neutrons

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29
Q

electron

A

negatively charged particle; constantly moving around the nucleus

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30
Q

element

A

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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31
Q

isotope

A

one of several forms of a single element, which contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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32
Q

compound

A

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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33
Q

order the following components of matter from smallest to largest:

compounds, electrons, elements, protons, and neutrons

A

electrons, protons, neutrons, elements, compounds

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34
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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35
Q

ion

A

atom that has a positive or negative charge

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36
Q

covalent bond

A

type of bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared

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37
Q

molecule

A

smallest unit of most compounds that displays all the properties of that compound

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38
Q

van der waals forces

A

weak attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

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39
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and another atom that is slightly negative

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40
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between molecules of the same substance

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41
Q

adhesion

A

force of attraction between different kinds of molecules

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42
Q

mixture

A

material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

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43
Q

solution

A

type of mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed

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44
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved in a solution

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45
Q

solvent

A

dissolving substance in a solution

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46
Q

suspension

A

mixture of water and nondissolve material

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47
Q

pH scale

A

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

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48
Q

what type of molecules will create a solution when mixed with water?

A

Polar molecules

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49
Q

acid

A

a compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7

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50
Q

base

A

a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution; a solution with a pH of more than 7

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51
Q

buffer

A

a compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

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52
Q

monomer

A

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

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53
Q

polymer

A

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

54
Q

carbohydrate

A

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body

55
Q

what are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules?

A

Organisms use carbohydrates to store and release energy as well as for structural support and protection.

56
Q

Lipid

A

macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

57
Q

nucleotide

A

subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

58
Q

nucleic acid

A

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

59
Q

protein

A

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

60
Q

amino acid

A

compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end

61
Q

How many levels of structure are there in a protein with only one polypeptide chain?

A

3

62
Q

_____ such as the biological ones called _____ which bind to a _____.

A

Catalysts, enzymes, active sight

63
Q

______ can be sped up by _________, which work by lowering ______, which is needed to start the ______, which begins with elements or compounds called _______, which combine to form _____

A

Chemical reactions, Catalysts, Activation energy, Chemical reaction, reactants, products

64
Q

chemical reaction

A

process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

65
Q

reactant

A

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

66
Q

product

A

elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

67
Q

activation energy

A

energy that is needed to get a reaction started

68
Q

catalyst

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

69
Q

enzyme

A

protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

70
Q

substrate

A

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

71
Q

How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?

A

by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

72
Q

biosphere

A

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

73
Q

ecology

A

scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

74
Q

species

A

a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

75
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

76
Q

community

A

assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area

77
Q

ecosystem

A

all the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment.

78
Q

biotic factor

A

any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact

79
Q

abiotic factor

A

physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem

80
Q

atmosphere

A

relatively thin layer of gases that form Earth’s outermost layer

81
Q

hydrosphere

A

portion of earth that consists of water in any of its forms, including oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and water vapor

82
Q

geosphere

A

the densest parts of Earth, which includes the crust, mantle, and core

83
Q

climate

A

average year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time

84
Q

weather

A

day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, and other factors

85
Q

greenhouse effect

A

the process in which certain gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) trap sunlight energy in Earth’s atmosphere as heat

86
Q

biome

A

a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

87
Q

canopy

A

dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain forest trees

88
Q

understory

A

layer in a rain forest found underneath the canopy formed by shorter trees and vines

89
Q

humus

A

the material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

90
Q

taiga

A

biome with long cold winters and a few months of warm weather; dominated by coniferous evergreens; also called boreal forest

91
Q

permafrost

A

layer of permanently frozen subsoil found in the tundra

92
Q

photic zone

A

sunlit region near the surface of water

93
Q

aphotic zone

A

dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone where sunlight does not penetrate

94
Q

plankton

A

microscopic organisms that live in aquatic environments; includes both phytoplankton and zookplankton

95
Q

wetland

A

ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the year

96
Q

estuary

A

kind of wetland formed where a river meets the sea

97
Q

autotroph

A

organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

98
Q

primary producer

A

first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

99
Q

photosynthesis

A

process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

100
Q

chemosynthesis

A

process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates

101
Q

reactants of light energy

A

carbon dioxide + water

102
Q

products of light energy

A

carbohydrates + oxygen

103
Q

reactants of chemical energy

A

carbon dioxide + oxygen + hydrogen sulfide

104
Q

products of chemical energy

A

carbohydrates + sulfur compounds

105
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer

106
Q

consumer

A

organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph

107
Q

detritis

A

small pieces of dead or decaying plant or animal remains

108
Q

food chain

A

a series of in an ecosystem steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

109
Q

phytoplankton

A

photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean

110
Q

food web

A

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

111
Q

trophic level

A

each step in a food chain or food web

112
Q

ecological pyramid

A

illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web

113
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of living tissue within a trophic level

114
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another

115
Q

nutrient

A

chemical substance that an organism needs to sustain life

116
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use

117
Q

denitrification

A

process by which soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

118
Q

limiting nutrient

A

single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem

119
Q

population density

A

number of individuals per unit area

120
Q

population distribution

A

how individuals are spaced out across their range

121
Q

age structure

A

the number of males and females of each age in a population

122
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population

123
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of an area

124
Q

exponential growth

A

growth pattern in which the individual in a population reproduce at an increasing rate

125
Q

logistic growth

A

growth pattern in which a population’s growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth

126
Q

carrying capacity

A

largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support

127
Q

limiting factor

A

factor that causes population growth to decrease

128
Q

density-dependent limiting factor

A

limiting factor that depends on population density

129
Q

density-independent limiting factor

A

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population density

130
Q

demography

A

scientific study of human populations

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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