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Year One - Respiratory System > Obstructive Sleep Apnoea > Flashcards

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Flashcards

1
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)?

A

It is defined as a sleep disorder in which there are recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep

It is characterised by apnoea episodes, in which the patient stops breathing periodically for up to a few minutes

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2
Q

Which part of the upper airway is obstructed in obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Pharynx

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3
Q

How is obstructive sleep apnoea classified?

A

It is based upon the number of apnoea episodes that occur per hour

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4
Q

What is mild obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

5 – 15 apnoea episodes per hour

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5
Q

What is moderate obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

15 – 30 apnoea episodes per hour

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6
Q

What is severe obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

> 30 apnoea episodes per hour

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7
Q

What are the six risk factors associated with obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Male Gender

Middle Aged

Obesity

Alcoholism

Smoking

Down’s Syndrome

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8
Q

What are the seven clinical features of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Apnoea Episodes

Habitual Snoring

Restless Sleep

Morning Headache

Daytime Somnolence

Concentration Issues

Hypertension

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9
Q

What is habitual snoring?

A

It is defined as loud snoring which occurs at least 3 nights per week

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10
Q

What are the three investigations used to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

Overnight Pulse Oximetry

Polysomnography

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11
Q

What is the Epworth sleepiness scale?

A

It is a questionnaire used to determine whether the patient is experiencing excessive somnolence

It involves patients scoring their risk of falling asleep in various situations

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12
Q

What is an overnight pulse oximetry?

A

It measures the oxygen saturations during sleep

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13
Q

What is a sign of obstructive sleep apnoea on an overnight pulse oximetry?

A

There is reduced oxygen saturations during sleep

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14
Q

What is a sign of severe obstructive sleep apnoea on an overnight pulse oximetry?

A

Saw tooth pattern

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15
Q

What is the gold standard investigation used to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Polysomnography

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16
Q

What is polysomnography?

A

It involves measuring several functions during sleep, including…

  • Brain activity (EEG)
  • Muscle activity (EMG)
  • Respiratory activity (pulse oximetry, airway capnography)
17
Q

How many apnoea episodes indicate a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea, in the absence of clinical features?

A

> 15 / hr

18
Q

How many apnoea episodes indicate a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea, in the presence of clinical features?

A

> 5 / hr

19
Q

What is the first line management option used in obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Conservative management

20
Q

What is the conservative management of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

It involves advising patients how they can correct reversible risk factors

21
Q

In what four ways can individuals correct reversible risk factors of sleep apnoea?

A

Weight Loss

Smoking Cessation

Alcohol Cessation

Sleeping In Lateral Position

22
Q

How are oral appliances used to manage obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

They are used to reduce upper airway collapsibility by widening the upper airway

23
Q

What two oral appliances can be used to manage sleep apnoea?

A

Mandibular advancement devices

Tongue retaining devices

24
Q

What is the second line management option of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

CPAP

25
Q

What does CPAP stand for?

A

Continuous positive airway pressure

26
Q

What is CPAP ventilation?

A

It provides continuous pressure to maintain patency of the airways

27
Q

What is the gold standard management option for severe obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

CPAP

28
Q

What surgery is used to manage obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Uvulopalaptopharyngoplasty (UPPP)

29
Q

What is UPPP?

A

It is a procedure that involves surgical restructuring of the soft palate and the jaw to widen the upper airway

30
Q

What are the five complications of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Diabetes

Hypertension

Heart Failure

Myocardial Infarction

Stroke

Year One - Respiratory System (14 decks)

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