obstetrical terms Flashcards
Conception
union of the sperm and ovum to form a zygote
contraception
The intentional prevention of pregnancy during intercourse
Fertilization
the fusion of a male and female gametes to form a zygote. Fertilization usually occurs in the lower third of the fallopian tube
Abortion
Birth that occurs before the end of 20 weeks gestation
stillbirth
An infant born dead after 20 weeks gestation
Ectopic pregnancy
Refers to the implantation of a fertilized ovum in an area outside the uterus.
Prenatal development
Development of the unborn fetus from two weeks post conception to birth
Gestation
The number of weeks pregnancy since the first day of the last menstrual period
Term
Pregnancy at 38-40 weeks pregnant
Preterm
Less that 37 weeks term
Post term
Greater than 40 weeks pregnant
Gravida
Refers to a woman who is pregnant regardless of gestation
Parity (P)
Total number of pregnancies
Nulligravida
A woman who has never been pregnant
Primigravida
A woman who is pregnant for the first time
Multigravida
A woman who is pregnant for the second or any subsequent pregnancy
Prenatal assessment
The ongoing process to treat and prevent potential complications of mom and fetus, while promoting healthy lifestyles
Health promotion
Interventions and behaviors that increase and maintain the level of well being of groups, families and communities
Antepartum
Time between conception and the onset of labour. Can be used interchangeably with prenatal period
Intrapartum
time from onset of true labor to the birth of the infant and placenta
Postpartum
Time from the delivery of the placenta and membranes until the woman’s body returns to the non pregnant condition.
Labor
The process through which birth is initiated through painful contractions that dilate the cervix, efface the cervix and expel the fetus from the maternal uterus
Preterm or premature labor
Labor that occurs after 20 weeks but before 37 weeks of gestation
Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Method to evaluate fetal heart rate as well as maternal contraction frequency and duration
Internal Monitoring
Monitoring with a fetal scalp scalp electrode (FSE) and/or an intrauterine Pressure Catheter (IUPC)
Doppler
Portable ultrasonic device used to auscultate fetal heart tones.
Ultrasonography
Technique for visualizing deep structures of the body by recording reflections (echoes) of sound waves directed into the tissue
Amniotomy
Artificial rupture of membranes
Amniocentesis:
Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid that contains fetal cells and biochemical substances for laboratory exam
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS):
Transcervical or transabdominal sampling of chorionic villi (projections on the outer fetal membrane) for analysis of fetal cells.
Multiple Marker Screening:
Analysis of maternal serum for abnormal levels of alpha-fetoprotein (MSAF), human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG), inhibin A, and estriols that may predict chromosomal abnormalities or neural tube defects in the fetus.
Biophysical Profile (BPP):
Method for evaluating fetal status during the antepartum period based on 5 variables: FHR (reactivity), gross body movements, fetal breathing movements, muscle tone, and amniotic fluid volume (amniotic fluid index AFI).
Induction of Labor
The use of artificial methods to stimulate uterine contractions.
Augmentation of Labor:
Artificial stimulation of uterine contractions that have become inefficient.
Baseline Fetal Heart:
average fetal heart rate (FHR) rounded to increments of 5 beats per minute during a 10-minute segment,
normal FHR baseline rate
ranges from 110 to 160 beats per minute
Fetal Bradycardia
Heartrate less than 110 beats per minute
Fetal tachycardia
FHR greater that 160 beats per minute
Variability:
is defined as fluctuations in the FHR baseline that cause the printed line to have an irregular wavelike appearance rather than a smooth, flat one.
Accelerations:
Temporary increase in the fetal heart rate that peaks at least 15 BPM above the baseline and lasts at least 15 seconds. Often occur with fetal movement. Accelerations are associated with a healthy fetus.
Decelerations:
Classified by their shape and relationship to uterine contractions; early, late, and variable decelerations.
Early Decelerations:
Occurs during contractions as the fetal head is pressed against the women’s pelvis or soft tissues. It is a gradual decrease in the fetal heart rate below the baseline starting with the beginning of the contraction and ending with the contraction. They mirror the contraction. Early decelerations are caused by fetal head compression which elicits a vagal response. They are not associated with fetal compromise and do not require intervention.
Variable Deceleration:
Can occur at any time unrelated to contractions. They are an abrupt decrease in the fetal heart rate usually with an abrupt return to baseline. Any condition that impairs blood flow through the umbilical cord can result in variable decelerations.
Late Deceleration:
Appearance is similar to early decelerations, the fetal heart rate gradually decreases after the contraction begins and returns to baseline after the contraction is over. They represent impaired exchange of oxygen and waste products in the placenta (uteroplacental insufficiency). Prolonged uteroplacental insufficiency can lead to fetal acidosis.
Uterine Activity:
4 components: frequency, duration, and uterine intensity, as well as uterine resting tone.
Tocolytic:
A drug that inhibits uterine contractions.
Uterine Resting Tone:
The amount of pressure in the uterus when it is relaxed.
Hypertonic (tetanic) Contractions:
Uterine contractions that are too long or too frequent, have too short of a resting interval, or have inadequate relaxation period to allow optimal placental perfusion.
Intrauterine Resuscitation:
Specific maneuvers utilized to improve fetal perfusion and oxygenation.
Fetal Scalp Stimulation:
Fetal head is scratched manually through a vaginal exam to elicit an acceleration of FHR.