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Therio Large Animal > Obsetrics > Flashcards

Obsetrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is gestation length in Bos Taurus?

A

280 days +/-

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2
Q

Cows carrying twins tend to go into labor when?

A

2 weeks early, sometimes dystocia

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3
Q

What hormones relax pelvic ligaments in preparation for parturition?

A

Relaxin and estrogens

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4
Q

What hormones soften the cervix?

A

Relaxin and PGE

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5
Q

What is different about the bovine cervix?

A

It is cartilaginous so softening is very important

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6
Q

What ultimately determines when parturition will occur?

A

Fetal cortisol, all cow hormones respond to fetal signal. (rising PGF2A, and estrogen, falling P4)

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7
Q

When does the fetus get into position for parturition? what is that position?

A

When myometrial contractions occur. Anterio-dosal most commonly (dorsum of fetus is dorsal in uterus, front feet toward cervix.)

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8
Q

What ends the first stage of parturition?

A

rupture of the chorioallantois

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9
Q

Normal stage 2 time frame?

A

Cows 0.5-2 hrs

Heifers: 2 - 4 hrs

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10
Q

How long after expulsion of calf should we see the fetal membranes?

A

Less than 12 hours.

Greater than 12 hours = retained placenta. But she could have eaten it while you weren’t watching

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11
Q

Under what conditions can you induce parturition?

A

If you know the breeding dates (its not common to do this)

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12
Q

How do we medically induce parturition?

A

Give Dexamethasone and Cloprostenol (PGF2A) 2 days before you want them born. - most predictable parturition timing.

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13
Q

Why don’t you want to use natural PGF2A (dinoprost) to induce parturition?

A

High rate of retained placenta and dystocia

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14
Q

When should you intervene in stage one labor?

A

no progression after 4 hrs. bleeding, hypocalcemia, uterine torsion, bilateral hop flexion

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15
Q

cloned embryos are at risk of dystocia due

A

large size

hydrallantois

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16
Q

What are methods to prevent dystocia?

A

Bull selection for calving ease
Nutritional management
Pelvimetry

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17
Q

What are the 5 factors that are related to gestation difficulty

A 
Gestation length
Parity (how many times calved)
Season
Nutrition
Genetics
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18
Q

When coming onto a dystocia case, what is the first thing you should look at?

A

Is she even pregnant? Transrectal exam

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19
Q

Before a vaginal examination, what should we do for analgesia?

A

Caudal epidural: 1 mL 2% lidocaine/100kg BW

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20
Q

what type of lube should we use?

A

Not J-Lube…

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21
Q

Normal Presentation of a calf in canal at birth

A

Longitudinal cranial or caudal

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22
Q

Normal Position of calf at birth

A

Dorso-sacral (fetus - mom pelvis)

23
Q

Normal posture of a calf at birth

A

Extended limbs

24
Q

What are ways you can check for fetal viability, and what should you keep in mind?

A

Interdigital claw reflex (pinch)
Swallowing reflex
Eye reflex
Be careful with false negatives, may just be hypoxic and still alive

25
Q

What is a method to diagnosis uterine torsion?

A

Transrectal palpation you feel for the broad ligaments *most common is counterclockwise

26
Q

What is the most reliable clinical sign that a cow has a uterine torsion?

A
  • **Failure to progress to the second stage of labor
  • *Raised tail head
  • Restlessness
27
Q

How do you manage uterine torsion?

A

Rolling if you have enough people, c-section if not. Lay her down on side the torsion has twisted to (so left side if it is a counter clockwise torsion)

28
Q

3 types of manipulations to restore the fetus to normal position for birth

A

Repulsion
Rotation
Version or extension of extremities

29
Q

When would you use version?

A

if the fetus is in transverse presentation, but not possible in ventral transverses

30
Q

If the head has not moved spontaneously into the pelvis, or the forelimbs are crossed, what should we be thinking?

A

Likely vaginal delivery is impossible (too big)

31
Q

What are the consequence’s if you place obstetrical chains on a fetal limbs incorrectly?

A

Degloving, fractures

32
Q

How can you maximize the pelvic diameter when pulling a large calf?

A

Rotate the body to a 45 degree angle, largest diameter of the pelvis

33
Q

How do you know if vaginal delivery is possible with posterior presentation?

A

If the hocks can be exteriorized with simple force

34
Q

What is the surgical approach 90% of the time for c-section?

A

Left- paralumbar

35
Q

Where do you cut for c-section

A

caudal third

36
Q

What does Dr. Tibary recommend for instrument use for cutting?

A

Scalpel on skin, metzenbaums on anything deeper

37
Q

Once in the peritoneal cavity, what do you do first?

A

wet sterile sleeves check condition of cavity, uterus, check for lacerations, torsion, tone of uterus

38
Q

What part of the uterus do you exteriorize?

A

the tip of the uterine horn by grasping a fetal limb

39
Q

Where is the incision into the uterus made?

A

the greater curvatures (tip of horn extended caudally)

40
Q

How many layers do you close the uterus?

A

2 layers

1: continuous
2: inverting pattern (intramurally), make sure each suture is pulled tightly

41
Q

For the abdominal incision what direction do we start?

A

ventral commissure: gives better visualization and allows you to push air out of abdomen right before closure.

42
Q

What is included in the first abdominal closure layer?

A

Peritoneum, transverse and internal oblique

43
Q

Second abdominal incision layer?

A

External oblique, subcutaneous tissue

44
Q

What pattern do we use to close the skin?

A

Ford interlocking (4 cm from ventral edge leave room for cruciate - drainage)

45
Q

Calf resuscitation, what do we need to do for the calf after they are out?

A

suction/hand, place calf in sternal, rub for stimulation of respiration, ET tube if needed, MAINTAIN body temp (101), make sure it gets adequate early colostrum

46
Q

How do we assess calf vitality?

A

should lift head in 3 min
be sternal in 5 min
Attempt to stand in 30 min
Stand spontaneously w/in 60 - 90 min

47
Q

What do we dip the umbilical cord with?

A

Chlorhexidine

48
Q

How do we know colostrum quality is good?

A

Should have > 50 g/L IgG on a refractometer

49
Q

Who has better colostrum, beef or dairy, young or old?

A

Beef, middle aged

50
Q

colostrum absorption timeframe?

A

By 6 hours after birth 50% of absorption ability is lost

FPT = IgG < 10 mg/mL

51
Q

What are life-threatening dystocias?

A

Metritis and toxic shock
Downer cow
Uterine prolapse
Uterine hemorrhage

52
Q

Cow 7 days post partum, anorexic, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, dehydrated, dark brown foul smelling discharge from vagina, rumen atony. What are your 3 big differentials?

A

Septic metritis
Toxic mastitis
Peritonitis

53
Q

What is the most common predisposing factor for uterine prolapse?

A

Hypocalcemia

Therio Large Animal (2 decks)

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