Observational Studies Flashcards
What is a case series study?
Describes several individual patients with the same diagnosis, treatment, or outcome.
What type of study is a cross-sectional study?
Measures prevalence and describes clinical findings and symptoms without a comparison group.
What does a case-control study compare?
A group of people with disease to a group without disease, assessing prior exposure or risk factors.
Disease incidence and Relative risk
What statistical measure is used in case-control studies?
Odds ratio (OR).
What is the focus of a cohort study?
Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure.
What does relative risk (RR) indicate?
The risk of developing a disease associated with exposure or risk factors.
What is twin concordance study used for?
Measures heritability and influence of environmental factors.
What is the purpose of an adoption study?
Compares siblings raised by biological vs adoptive parents to assess genetic vs environmental influences.
What does an ecological study assess?
Compares frequency of disease and frequency of risk-related factors across populations.
What question does a cross-sectional study answer?
‘What is happening?’
What question does a case-control study answer?
‘What happened?’
Fill in the blank: A cohort study can be _______ or _______.
prospective; retrospective
Fill in the blank: The odds of prior exposure or risk factor differ by _______.
disease state
True or False: A cross-sectional study can establish causality.
False
What is used to monitor population health?
Ecological study.
What is the ecological fallacy?
Assuming that population data applies to individuals.
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
What is the relationship between smoking and COPD according to cohort studies?
People who smoke had a higher risk of developing COPD than those who do not.
