Obs And Gynae Flashcards
(321 cards)
What is Turner’s syndrome?
Condition in females in which a X chromosome is completely or partially missing
What is klinfelter’s syndrome?
Boys are born with an extra X chromosome i.e. XXY
This is the most common genetic cause of male infertility
What is Kallman’s syndrome?
A type of hypogondatrophic hypogandism characterised by a loss of smell and absent/delayed puberty.
What is Y chromosome microdeletion?
Genetic condition characterised by missing genes in Y chromosome (Can lead to impaired sperm production and male infertility- it is the second most common genetic cause of male infertility).
What do leydig cells do?
Their main function is testosterone or androgen production (found in the testicular interstitial tissue)
Where in the testicles is sperm produced?
seminiferous tubules
What is obstructive azoospermia?
No issues with sperm production but sperm isn’t present in ejaculate due to obstruction.
At what point in time do the ovaries contain the greatest number of germ cells?
7 months after gestation
What is the corpus albicans?
Scar tissue that forms after ovulation. The corpus luteum stops producing progesterone (which helps maintain the pregnancy) and starts to degenerate forming the corpus albicans.
Wha do the paramesonephric ducts give rise to?
In females this forms the uterine tubes, the uterus and the upper portion of the vagina
(mesonephric ducts degenerate due to the absence of male androgens)
What does the mesonephric duct give rise to?
The epididymis, ductus deferents and the seminal vesicle in males
What does the urogenital sinus give rise to?
The lower vagina, vulva and urethra
Up to how many days can research on human embryos be performed?
21 days
A couple attend an infertility clinic. The man had a vasectomy 5 years ago and was shown to be azoospermic following this.
What treatment option should be offered initially?
ICSI treatment with sperm obtained by surgical sperm aspiration
A couple attend an infertility clinic. Investigations for the man show he has obstructive azoospermia.
Which genetic condition is the most likely cause of this condition?
Cystic fibrosis.
Explanation;
In klinefelter’s men are unable to make sperm (due to increased levels of FSH and LH causing hyalinisation and fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules that usually produce sperm)
In Kallman’s, fertility is affected due to the lack of puberty
Microdeletion in Y chromosome leads to little to no sperm production
Turner’s syndrome only affects women and leads to an X chromosome being completely or partially missing- many of these women will have primary ovarian insufficiency
CF causes abnormal development of the vascular deferens, epididymis and seminal vesicle (this is obstructive because the person is infertile but not sterile i.e. sperm is still being produced)
A couple are undergoing IVF and are booking to attend for embryo transfer.
At which stage in embryo development is embryo transfer most successful?
Blastocyst (ball of rapidly cluster of cells made by fertilised egg)
These happens around day 6 to day 10/12 after an embryo is fertilised
A woman presents in her 3rd trimester with pelvic pain. What structures relax in pregnancy, which could be contributing to her pelvic pain?
Pelvic inlet
You are observing a woman in the 2nd stage of labour. You can see the vertex advancing. Which structures on the fetal skull outline the vertex?
Anterior and posterior fontanelles and the parietal eminences
How does Candida albicans typically present?
-Thick, white discharge that does not typically smell
-Vulval and vaginal itching, irritation or discomfort
How does bacterial vaginosis typically present?
The standard presenting feature of bacterial vaginosis is a fishy-smelling watery grey or white vaginal discharge. Half of women with BV are asymptomatic.
A non-sexually active woman presents with a vaginal discharge which contains bubbles and has an offensive smell. What is the most likely infection and how would you treat it?
Bacterial vaginosis- give Metronidazole
MUST mention to patient not to drink alcohol on it
How long does the Luteal phase last? And what happens during it?
The Luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual cycle- it lasts 15-28 days.
During this phase, the follicle that burst and released the egg (during ovulation) develops into a small yellow structure, or cyst, called the corpus luteum.
A 17 yr old presents looking for emergency contraception. She had unprotected sexual intercourse 23 hours ago. Her last bleed was approximately 1 week ago. She has been using the combined patch but forgot to put this back on after a 7-day patch free interval. She was meant to restart using the patch 5 days ago but only remembered to restart it 2 days ago. She does not wish to have a cu IUD fitted even though she is fully aware this would be the most effective method. Which emergency contraception would you advise?
Give levonorgestrel emergency contraception and advise her to carry on the patch and that she can rely on this again, for contraception, in 5 days
Explanation:
Ulipristal acetate is more effective that levonorgestrel ad emergency contraception but will require her to stop using hormonal contraception for 5 days. Whereas with levonorgestrel she can use her patch immediately after taking it (it won’t work as well for 5 days but it will be better than her not having any hormonal contraception for 5 days before she can even start taking the patch).
How soon after childbirth can you get pregnant?
After 21 days