Objectives Flashcards
Basic research
conducted to increase the base knowledge and understanding
of the physical, chemical, and functional mechanisms of life
processes and disease.
Applied research
directed toward
specific objectives such as the development of new drugs,
therapy, and surgical procedures. Applied research involves
using existing knowledge (much of which is obtained through
basic research) to a specific biomedical problem.
Clinical research
builds on knowledge learned through basic and
applied research. Clinical research is conducted on live animals,
including humans.
principal investigator (PI)
Leads the team, usually a phd. Not likely to have animal handling/care experience
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
IACUC
assists the PI in choosing an animal species
and in performing animal techniques.
animal
model
an animal that can be used to study a disease
or condition that afflicts a species other than its own.
Laboratory animal technicians (LATs)
involved in the daily care of the animals
and may also participate in specific parts of the research project,
such as collecting blood samples for testing. must be certified by the American Association for
Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS).
Animal Welfare Act (AWA)
sets
standards of care for animals in education, research, and
exhibition. The act gives the United State Department of
Agriculture (USDA) the right to inspect, fine, and suspend
individuals, corporations, and institutions not in compliance
with the act
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR)
provides
advisory and educational services to both the industry and the
public. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
(called “the Guide” for short) was written by this organization
for use by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
is a set of standards covering the handling, housing, breeding,
care, husbandry, and animal use in biomedical research.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
the agency
responsible for the testing of foods for animals and humans,
as well as the licensing of biomedical devices. All research
conducted under FDA jurisdiction must comply with Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP) regulations.
American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners
ASLAP
an organization for all veterinarians who are
members of the American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA) and participate in the laboratory
animal field in any capacity.
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM
a specialty board of approximately 500 members. The
board tests and certifies veterinarians who have reached the
highest degree of proficiency in laboratory animal medicine.
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of
Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC International)
a voluntary
organization that accredits laboratory animal programs and
facilities. It was formed in 1965 to encourage optimal animal
care and to provide a self-regulating system for the review of
facilities
National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR)
actively lobbies federal and state legislative bodies on behalf
of the public and research organizations on the use of animals
in research.
The three R’s
-reduction is to use the absolute lowest number of
animals that will achieve the desired results
-refinement is achieved when the most skilled
investigator uses procedures that cause the least discomfort
to the animal to achieve a result that’s of maximum benefit
to humankind.
-Replacement refers to research that uses lower forms of life,
computer models, or other artificial means whenever possible.
special-interest groups
organizations of people with similar interests and beliefs
about the human use of animals.
animal exploitation groups
believe that animals
were put on earth only for humankind’s use. Individuals in these groups
are often advocates of bullfighting and cockfighting. Almost
all of the activities advocated by these groups are illegal in
many countries.
animal use groups
generally believe that animals
are here for our use, but that we must be responsible and
concerned for their well-being. They also believe that animals
should be spared from feeling pain and discomfort whenever
possible.
Animal control groups
believe that laws governing animal care
and use should be carried out to the letter. Examples of this
type of group include government organizations, such as the
USDA
Animal welfare groups
include organizations such as the
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA).
They believe it’s our responsibility to assure that no animal
suffers.
animal rights groups
generally believe that animals
have the same rights as human beings. This belief extends to
the right to not be killed, eaten, used for sport or research,
kept as pets, or abused in any way to all animals. Individuals
in this category won’t consider euthanasia of an animal even
when the animal is suffering. They believe that animal
research is a violation of the animals’ rights and should
never be conducted.
animal liberation groups
individuals
and organizations in the animal liberation category believe
that all life is equal and will commit illegal acts, such as
breaking into research facilities to “free” the animals. These
acts may harm people and, in fact, often bring harm to the
animals that aren’t accustomed to “life in the wild.”
conventional facility
consists of animal rooms and support
areas that have single doors opening onto a central corridor
double-corridor facility
involves the flow
of traffic through the facility. Only clean cages and supplies
enter one side, and only dirty cages and discarded materials
enter the other. Double-corridor facilities are the most common
type of facilities that are used in biomedical research.
barrier
facility
supplies are sterilized before being brought into animal areas,
and supplies and personnel usually enter the animal areas
through special air locks
containment facility
a type of
barrier facility in which all materials leaving the facility are
sterilized before being discarded. Specialized filter systems are
also used to treat the air that flows into and out of the facility.
biomedical research facilities contain the following areas
- Animal Rooms
- Surgical Suites
- Cage Washing Rooms
- Laoratories, necropsy areas and general work areas
- offices
- Lockers & Shower Areas
- Personnel eating adn rest areas
- Storage Areas
Macroenviornment
the total environment of the room or section that contains a number
of animals.
Microenvironment
refers to the temperature, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and illumination in the area
immediately surrounding an individual animal.
thermoneutral zone
(the range of temperature where an animal doesn’t need
physical or chemical mechanisms to control heat production
or heat loss
Types of cages (G-MISPARTS)
- Shoebox
- Suspended
- Metabolism
- Gang
- Transportation
- Pens & Runs
- Activity
- Inhalation
- Recovery
