Objectives Flashcards
Basic research
conducted to increase the base knowledge and understanding
of the physical, chemical, and functional mechanisms of life
processes and disease.
Applied research
directed toward
specific objectives such as the development of new drugs,
therapy, and surgical procedures. Applied research involves
using existing knowledge (much of which is obtained through
basic research) to a specific biomedical problem.
Clinical research
builds on knowledge learned through basic and
applied research. Clinical research is conducted on live animals,
including humans.
principal investigator (PI)
Leads the team, usually a phd. Not likely to have animal handling/care experience
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
IACUC
assists the PI in choosing an animal species
and in performing animal techniques.
animal
model
an animal that can be used to study a disease
or condition that afflicts a species other than its own.
Laboratory animal technicians (LATs)
involved in the daily care of the animals
and may also participate in specific parts of the research project,
such as collecting blood samples for testing. must be certified by the American Association for
Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS).
Animal Welfare Act (AWA)
sets
standards of care for animals in education, research, and
exhibition. The act gives the United State Department of
Agriculture (USDA) the right to inspect, fine, and suspend
individuals, corporations, and institutions not in compliance
with the act
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR)
provides
advisory and educational services to both the industry and the
public. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
(called “the Guide” for short) was written by this organization
for use by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
is a set of standards covering the handling, housing, breeding,
care, husbandry, and animal use in biomedical research.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
the agency
responsible for the testing of foods for animals and humans,
as well as the licensing of biomedical devices. All research
conducted under FDA jurisdiction must comply with Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP) regulations.
American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners
ASLAP
an organization for all veterinarians who are
members of the American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA) and participate in the laboratory
animal field in any capacity.
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM
a specialty board of approximately 500 members. The
board tests and certifies veterinarians who have reached the
highest degree of proficiency in laboratory animal medicine.
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of
Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC International)
a voluntary
organization that accredits laboratory animal programs and
facilities. It was formed in 1965 to encourage optimal animal
care and to provide a self-regulating system for the review of
facilities
National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR)
actively lobbies federal and state legislative bodies on behalf
of the public and research organizations on the use of animals
in research.
The three R’s
-reduction is to use the absolute lowest number of
animals that will achieve the desired results
-refinement is achieved when the most skilled
investigator uses procedures that cause the least discomfort
to the animal to achieve a result that’s of maximum benefit
to humankind.
-Replacement refers to research that uses lower forms of life,
computer models, or other artificial means whenever possible.
special-interest groups
organizations of people with similar interests and beliefs
about the human use of animals.
animal exploitation groups
believe that animals
were put on earth only for humankind’s use. Individuals in these groups
are often advocates of bullfighting and cockfighting. Almost
all of the activities advocated by these groups are illegal in
many countries.
animal use groups
generally believe that animals
are here for our use, but that we must be responsible and
concerned for their well-being. They also believe that animals
should be spared from feeling pain and discomfort whenever
possible.
Animal control groups
believe that laws governing animal care
and use should be carried out to the letter. Examples of this
type of group include government organizations, such as the
USDA
Animal welfare groups
include organizations such as the
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA).
They believe it’s our responsibility to assure that no animal
suffers.
animal rights groups
generally believe that animals
have the same rights as human beings. This belief extends to
the right to not be killed, eaten, used for sport or research,
kept as pets, or abused in any way to all animals. Individuals
in this category won’t consider euthanasia of an animal even
when the animal is suffering. They believe that animal
research is a violation of the animals’ rights and should
never be conducted.
animal liberation groups
individuals
and organizations in the animal liberation category believe
that all life is equal and will commit illegal acts, such as
breaking into research facilities to “free” the animals. These
acts may harm people and, in fact, often bring harm to the
animals that aren’t accustomed to “life in the wild.”
conventional facility
consists of animal rooms and support
areas that have single doors opening onto a central corridor
double-corridor facility
involves the flow
of traffic through the facility. Only clean cages and supplies
enter one side, and only dirty cages and discarded materials
enter the other. Double-corridor facilities are the most common
type of facilities that are used in biomedical research.
barrier
facility
supplies are sterilized before being brought into animal areas,
and supplies and personnel usually enter the animal areas
through special air locks
containment facility
a type of
barrier facility in which all materials leaving the facility are
sterilized before being discarded. Specialized filter systems are
also used to treat the air that flows into and out of the facility.
biomedical research facilities contain the following areas
- Animal Rooms
- Surgical Suites
- Cage Washing Rooms
- Laoratories, necropsy areas and general work areas
- offices
- Lockers & Shower Areas
- Personnel eating adn rest areas
- Storage Areas
Macroenviornment
the total environment of the room or section that contains a number
of animals.
Microenvironment
refers to the temperature, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and illumination in the area
immediately surrounding an individual animal.
thermoneutral zone
(the range of temperature where an animal doesn’t need
physical or chemical mechanisms to control heat production
or heat loss
Types of cages (G-MISPARTS)
- Shoebox
- Suspended
- Metabolism
- Gang
- Transportation
- Pens & Runs
- Activity
- Inhalation
- Recovery
Rodent Order and Family & most common Lab Rat
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Common: Rattus Norvegicus (Norway Rat)
harderian gland
surround the optic nerve. Secretions from
the harderian gland contain red pigment commonly referred
to as red tears.
Rats as Lab Models
Used for toxicology studies and to be susceptible to diabetes, hypertension, oncology, audiology & Obesity
Rat estrous and gestation
Polyestrous & 22 day gestation. Breed at night
stock
randomly bred rat
Strain
an inbred rat
transgenic
produced as
a result of alteration of the genetic makeup of a developing
embryo by transplanting a specific DNA strand into the
morula or by exposing the embryo to mutating factors
Mice Order, Family & most commonly used
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Common: Mus musculus house mouse
Three types of mice hair
- Tactile
- Pelage
- vibrissae
Tactile hair
sensory hair with nervous fibers
Pelage
overhair & undercoat
Vibrissae
whiskers
Brown fat
Hibernating fat, located between the scapulae and can store 10 more energy than other fat tissue
Whitten effect
occurs when a large group of female mice housed together
without the presence of males enter and remain in anestrus..when male comes, all females enter estrus w/i 3 days
Bruce effect
occurs when a female mouse bred within the
previous four days is exposed to a new male; the existing
pregnancy will be aborted, and the female will return to estrus.
barber mouse
Most dominant mouse, often removes hair & whiskers from the faces and sometimes bodies of the other mice
Tyzzer’s disease
caused
by the bacterium Clostridium piliforme (also called Bacillus piliformis). It’s transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Stress from
poor sanitation and overcrowding predisposes animals to this
disease.
Guinea Pig Order, Suborder & Scientific name
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Hystricognathi
Scientific Name: Cavia porcellus
Guinea Pigs unique anatomy
- GP’s stomach mucosa is glandular and not divided into 2 portions
- GP have a large cecum that occupies the central& Left side of the abdomen…making up to 10% of total bodyweight
English,
or American, breed Guinea pig
the most commonly used breed in
biomedical research. They have a short, smooth haircoat.
Abyssinian Guinea Pig
have a coarse, short haircoat that lies in
whorls, or rosettes.
Peruvian Guinea Pig
have long, silky hair
Problematic Abx for Guinea Pigs
Penicillin n Erythromycin n Lincomycin n Chlortetracycline n Streptomycin n Bacitracin
Syrian
or golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus.
Most commonly used for research
Gerbil scientific name
Meriones unguiculatus
Ferrets Order and other similar animals
Order: Mustelidae
Weasels, badgers & mink
Domestic Ferret scientific name
Mustela putorius furo
Rabbit scientific name
Oryctolagus cuniculus, not a rodent, a lagomorph
Sentinel animals
those housed with animals that are
being used in a research study. The sentinel animal doesn’t
receive any of the treatments that the study animals undergo.
Instead, blood is collected from the sentinel animal on a
regular basis in an effort to identify any nonexperimental
variables that may be present
Five families in the suborder Anthropoidea
New World primates (NWPs) (originating in South America)
- Old World primates (OWPs) (originating in Africa and Asia)
- Lesser apes
- Greater apes
- Humans
Prehensile (grasping) tails
OWP : Yes
NWP: No
Ischial callosities (hard keratinized pads on the buttocks)
OWP: Yes
NWP: No
Nasal orifices (nostrils
OWP: Wider apart
NWP Closer together
Cheek pouches
OWP: Present in some
NWP: Absent
Sex skin
OWP: color change to the genitals, tail, and thighs of
females during estrus
NWP: No changes
menstrual bleeding
OWP: all experience
NWP absent
Vitamin D2/D3
NWP can’t use D2, must be fed D3
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
OWP are the most important
nonhuman primate used in research. They’re used
extensively in polio vaccine production and drug testing.
Savanna or dog-faced baboons
OWP: used in surgery
and reproductive studies
Marmosets and tamarins
NWP: often give birth to twins
or triplets.
Squirrel monkeys
NWP: Most popularThey breed
well in captivity and are used in atherosclerosis research.
Owl monkeys
NWP: used to study human malaria, and
viral oncology. They’re also used in vision research.
Cebus monkeys/capuchins/organ
grinder monkeys
NWP: animals are kept mostly as pets
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
the highest form
of nonhuman primate used commonly in research.
They’re used to test human infectious hepatitis vaccine.
Chimpanzees are also used in psychobiologic research.
4 Breeding systems
1-Timed Mating
2-Paired Mating
3-Harem Mating
4-Free-Range Mating
TImed Mating
menstrual cycle is monitored, and the female is placed
in the male’s cage at or just before the estimated time
of ovulation. The result is a known gestational age—an
important fact for many intrauterine or postpartum studies
Paired Mating
Animals are housed in pairs. The female is
observed for pregnancy by rectal exploration or ultrasound.
Harem Mating
One male is housed with a group of
females, either temporarily or permanently.
Free-Range Mating
A mixed-sex group lives together
within an enclosure, corral, or on an island. Harem and
free-ranging systems are most often used in production
colonies.
