Objections Flashcards
Rule 803 (3)
Then-Existing Mental, Emotional, or Physical Condition. A statement of the declarant’s then-existing state of mind (such as motive, intent, or plan) or emotional, sensory, or physical condition (such as mental feeling, pain, or bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the validity or terms of the declarant’s will.
Kopel v. State
In an entrapment case, a criminal defendant’s proclivities for criminal conduct similar to the crime(s) charged, as shown by specific past examples, are natural friends of the litany of permissible uses of character evidence already contained under the umbrella of 404(b). Rule 404(b) plainly allows specific instances of past conduct to prove that a criminal defendant has committed a newer crime alleged at trial. In the instant case, the evidence of past bribes, blackmail and insider trading demonstrated several uses already written in 404(b) itself, such as “intent,” “knowledge,” “absence of mistake,” and “lack of accident.” Several of the other participants in the past bribery acts were even participants in the acts of bribery brought to trial in the instant case, which helped prove that the defendant was aware of the criminality of his acts and that he intended to break the law.
Elements of Entrapment (Affirmative Defense)
Inducing a defendant to commit a crime means employing methods of persuasion or encouragement that create a substantial risk that a crime will be committed by a person who was otherwise unlikely to commit it. It does not include merely providing a defendant with the opportunity, means, and facilities to commit the offense.
Rule 703
Admissibility of expert testimony
State v. Veli and Pickerill
In determining whether a defendant was induced to commit a crime for the purposes of an entrapment defense, the trier of fact should consider whether government agents employed methods of persuasion or encouragement that create a substantial risk that a crime will be committed by a person who was otherwise unlikely to commit it. It is not sufficient for a government agent to merely provide a defendant with the opportunity, means, and facilities to commit the offense, though evidence of such may be relevant.
Rule 803 (8)
Public Record A record or statement of a public office if: (A) it sets out: (i) the office’s activities; (ii) a matter observed while under a legal duty to report, but not including, in a criminal case, a matter observed by law-enforcement personnel; and (B) neither the source of information nor other circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.
Ginger v. Heisman
Discussing the admissibility of misleading text messages allegedly sent to voters by a candidate or his agents in an election fraud case, we reiterate that text messages received on a cell phone are properly authenticated when the proponent of the evidence shows, by a preponderance of the evidence, the author of the message. The evidence offered to meet this standard may include direct or circumstantial evidence of authorship.
Statements that are not hearsay
801 d (1) 801 d (2)
State v. Dousa
The means by which a law enforcement officer recruited an informant or obtained an informant’s participation do not in and of themselves support an argument that a defendant was induced into committing a crime. The pressure applied to an informant is not the pressure that was applied to the defendant. However, the interactions of a law enforcement officer with an informant may still be relevant to an entrapment defense if they impact or explain either the law enforcement officer’s or the informant’s interactions with the defendant.
State v. Jewell
When defendants raise the defense of entrapment, they necessarily put their character at issue. Therefore, character evidence showing a defendant’s predisposition is admissible to rebut the entrapment defense and may be proven through reputation or opinion testimony pursuant to Rule 405(a) and specific instances of conduct pursuant to Rule 405(b).
Zomerfeld v. Noto
Pursuant to Midlands Rules of Evidence 104(a), when evaluating the admissibility of evidence, a trial court is permitted to rely on both admissible and inadmissible evidence. The use of underlying inadmissible evidence does not make that inadmissible evidence admissible. Instead, the court is merely permitted to consider the underlying inadmissible evidence in order to assess the admissibility of the offered evidence. In a jury trial, the jury may not always be privy to the underlying facts used to determine what evidence is admissible, but the Court may hear it. Previous upheld examples of this in Midlands include using character evidence to make a ruling on hearsay exceptions, using hearsay to make a ruling on character evidence, and using hearsay to decide whether an expert has adequate foundation to testify.
America’s Best Cookie v. International House of Waffles
Although practices may be different in other jurisdictions, in Midlands it is entirely possible for an out-of-court statement by a person who is or will be testifying in a particular trial to be excluded by the general rule against hearsay. Subject to Rule 801(d), hearsay is any out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement. And although the Midlands Rules of Evidence contain a variety of exceptions to the rule that hearsay is generally inadmissible, there is no categorical principle permitting receipt of any out-of-court statement simply because the person who made that out-of-court statement is or will be a witness in the trial.
State v. Parsons
In the guilt phase of a criminal trial, admission of evidence offered solely for the purpose of discussing the available penalties for the crime charged is strictly prohibited. This has no impact on evidence of prior crimes of witnesses that is admissible subject to the Midlands Rules of Evidence.
Davis v. Adams
Under the Midlands Rules of Evidence, trial judges must ensure that any scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant but reliable. In determining whether expert testimony is sufficiently reliable, judges should consider only the methods employed and the data relied upon, not the conclusions themselves. The proponent of the evidence has the burden of proving each section of Rule 702 by a preponderance of the evidence
State v. Owens
For a statement to qualify under the hearsay exclusion of Midlands Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E), the proponent must establish the existence of said conspiracy by a preponderance of the evidence. In addition, the statements may be admitted conditionally subject to Rule 104, meaning that the proponent of such statements may lay proper foundation before offering the statements or the trial court may allow the proponent to admit the statements first and lay the foundation for the predicate conspiracy during the remainder of the trial. As Rule 801(d)(2)(E) makes clear, proof of conspiracy may be based in part on the statements themselves, but the proof must also include some independent corroborative evidence.
State v. Dressel
An informant participating in a government investigation is a government agent for the purposes of an entrapment defense. As such, the actions of an informant are attributable to the state and may be the basis for showing that a defendant was induced to commit a crime.
Grover’s of New Mexico v. R.G.D. Boots Co.
That an email is listed as coming from an address that either is known or purports to belong to a particular person is sufficient to lay foundation that the email was sent by the person in order to determine its admissibility, at least absent a particularized reason to believe that the email may have been sent by someone else. This ruling does not foreclose challenges to the admissibility of an email on other grounds.
Rule 403
Cumulative
Filteau v. Wanek
A statement’s admissibility will sometimes turn on the identity of the person making a statement. Because Midlands law contains a strong preference for jury determinations of important questions, courts must be careful not to usurp the jury’s role in this context. As long as the proponent of the statement produces evidence that would permit a reasonable jury to find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a given person made a particular statement, the court must assume for the purposes of assessing the statement’s admissibility that the statement was made by that person.
Rule 801
Hearsay
Rule 803 (1)
Present Sense Impression A statement describing or explaining an event or condition, made while or immediately after the declarant perceived it.
Pahlke v. Piper
Under Rule 702, a court may qualify an expert witness to testify to expert conclusions in front of a jury either during the trial itself, or before the trial in a special hearing (a “Tarot Readers hearing”) under which the factors of expert foundation are scrutinized, at a Tarot Readers hearing. Either party may demand a Tarot Readers hearing prior to trial to settle issues of expert foundation based on Tarot Readers Association of Midlands v. Merrell Dow (1994) or its progeny. The effect of a court order from an Tarot Readers hearing for a specific expert witness is binding on the rest of the trial, and the proponent need not lay any additional foundation of the ruled-upon issue during trial, although the proponent may freely elect to re-lay that foundation at trial when they are in front of the jury in order to bolster the weight the jury gives the expert’s conclusions. If the parties elect to forgo a Tarot Readers hearing, the proponent must offer all of the necessary foundation under Midlands Rule 702, Adams, and Tarot Readers before an expert can testify to his or her conclusions.
Lee v. State
Even if inducement has been shown, a finding of predisposition is fatal to an entrapment defense. The predisposition inquiry leads the fact finder to consider whether the defendant was an unwary innocent or, instead, a criminal who readily availed himself of the opportunity to perpetrate the crime. Thus, predisposition should not be confused with intent or mens rea: a person may have the requisite intent to commit the crime, yet be entrapped. Also, predisposition may exist even in the absence of prior criminal involvement.
Richards v. Mississippi BBQ
Midlands Rule of Evidence 703 does not afford an expert unlimited license to testify or present a chart in a manner that simply summarizes inadmissible hearsay without first relating that hearsay to some specialized knowledge on the expert’s part, as required under Midlands Rule of Evidence 702. The court must distinguish experts relying on otherwise inadmissible hearsay to form scientific conclusions from conduits who merely repeat what they are told. The testimony of the former is admissible; that of the latter is not. Of course, statements admissible if offered through any other witness are not rendered inadmissible simply because they are offered by an expert witness. Thus, this case does not apply to and does not render inadmissible (a) statements that are not hearsay; (b) statements that qualify as party opponent statements under Rule 801(d)(2); and (c) statements that qualify as exceptions to the hearsay rule.